Ans: 2) Jyotiba Phule
Explanation:
The Satyashodhak Samaj was founded by Jyotiba Phule in the Pune district of Maharashtra, in 1873. It objective was to improve the conditions of the depressed classes in Maharashtra and to prevent their economic and social exploitation.

Ans: 3) E.V. Ramaswami Naicker
Explanation: E.V. Ramaswami Naicker has started the self-respect movement as part of social reform in 1925. It was a dynamic social movement aimed at destroying the Hindu social order.

Ans: 2) A, C, E only
Explanation:
A) Lohia’s “Saptakranti” (Seven Revolutions) focused on various social, economic, and political changes.
B) J.P. Narayan, not Lohia, proposed “Partyless Democracy”.
C) Lohia authored “Aspects of Socialist Policy” (1952).
D) Lohia introduced the “Four-Pillar State” (Chaukhamba Rajya), so this statement is incorrect.
E) He emphasized that freedom grows through perfect human relationships.

Ans: 2) Second Round Table Conference
Explanation: B.R. Ambedkar demanded a separate electorate for the depressed classes in the Second Round Table Conference (7 Sept – 1 Dec 1931) in London. Mahatma Gandhi attended as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress.

Ans: 4) B and E only
Explanation:
• Mahatma Gandhi has written the following books: Constructive Programme (1941) and Hind Swaraj (1909).
• Modern India (2001) and India’s struggle for Independence (1988) were written by Bipan Chandra.
• Why Socialism (1936) was written by Jaya Prakash Narayan.

Ans: 3) D, C, B, A, E
Explanation:
• Sharda Sadan; Chowpatty, Mumbai (Pandita Ramabai) – 1889
• Ramkrishna Mission; Belmur Math near Calcutta (Swami Vivekananda) – 1897
• Abhinav Bharat Society (V.D. Savarkar) – 1904
• Tolstoy Farm; South Africa (Mahatma Gandhi) – 1910
• Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha (B.R. Ambedkar) – 1924

Ans: 4) Freedom from colonial rule
Explanation:
There were some issues which were matter of debate between Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore:
I. English Language – Gandhi was against the use of modern culture which includes English language as well.
II. Nationalism – Tagore criticized Gandhi for his parochial nationalism and described his nationalism as an aggressive nationalism.
III. The spinning wheel – According to him; spinning wheel (symbol of nonviolence) solely cannot bring independence to India.

Ans: 1) Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation: ‘Ahimsa’ was complementary to Gandhi’s model of conflict resolution that was certainly the most original and creative model of social change and political action. This was a theory of politics that gradually became the dominant ideology of a national political movement in which Gandhi reigned supreme.

Ans: 2) A, B and D only
Explanation: The following aspects of Gandhi’s theory of Satyagraha can help in the process of dialogue in plural societies threatened by mutual distrust:
A) Attention to the preconditions of dialogue helps to establish the moral standing of the participants.
B) Knowledge that our grasp over truth is partial inculcates self-restraint.
C) The Satyagrahi is responsible for creating and recreating dialogical space.
D) Commitment to non-violence dissipates feelings of alienation and otherness.
E) A readiness to compromise negate the moral standing of participants.

Ans: 2) Satyamitra Dubey
Explanation: Satyamitra Dubey has stated that, religion is the real criterion of Manu’s state-policy.

Ans: 4) Contract
Explanation: Manu’s teachings on diplomacy and statecraft emphasized dharma, rajdharma, alliances, and strategic interests rather than modern contractual agreements. Hence, “Contract” is not considered a foundation in his philosophy.

Ans: 2) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
Explanation:
A) A plea for the Reconstruction of Indian Polity (1959) – Jayaprakash Narayan
B) India of my Dreams (1947) – M.K. Gandhi
C) The Indian War of Independence of 1857 (1909) – V D Savarkar
D) Marx, Gandhi and Socialism (1963) – Ram Manohar Lohia

Ans: 4) C, E, B, A, D
Explanation:
Aurobindo was sent to Manchester, England, in 1879 with his two elder brothers for further studies.
He successfully cleared ICS exams after joining King’s College, Cambridge University.
In 1893, he became the vice-principal of Baroda college.
He attended the Banaras session of the Congress in 1905.
In 1908, he was arrested in connection with Alipore Bomb Case.

Ans: 1) Rabindranath Tagore
Explanation:
Rabindranath Tagore described Kabir as Muktidoot of his and our times.

Ans: 4) Political Economy
EXPLANATION
• According to Bhikhu Parekh, questions usually ignored by Indian Political Thought are- Modern Individual Thinkers, the nature of Indian state and Social Justice.
• According to Bhikhu Parekh (2010) in his article The poverty of Indian Political Theory; to understand what is Indian Political Thought, one need to understand the following;
• Firstly, Indian Political Theory means as the work of Indian writer and philosophers irrespective of the fact that weather they have lived in India or not.
• Secondly, it should be more concerned with theory rather than the theorist and
• Thirdly, a political theory should be culturally neutral.

Ans: 3) A, B, D only
Explanation: ▪ The Statements A, B, D are correct with regard to Tilak’s understanding about the word ‘Swaraj’:
▪ Tilak had a deep understanding of the concept of “Swaraj.” According to him, Swaraj had multiple dimensions and carried different meanings.
▪ Tilak viewed Swaraj not only as a political objective but also as a moral necessity. He believed that it was the inherent right of every individual and society to govern themselves, free from external domination.
▪ Furthermore, Tilak associated Swaraj with Dharma, a concept rooted in Hindu philosophy. He believed that the pursuit of self-rule was in alignment with one’s righteous duty or Dharma.
▪ Lastly, Tilak saw Swaraj as encompassing self-control and inner spiritual freedom. He believed that true freedom could only be achieved when individuals had control over their own thoughts, actions, and emotions.

Ans: 1) M.N. Roy
Explanation: ▪ M.N. Roy said “The function of science is to describe and that of philosophy is to explain. Therefore, philosophy is called the science of science”.
▪ Roy writes in his book “Science and Politics” –
▪ The function of philosophy is to explain existence as a whole. An explanation of existence requires knowledge of existence. Knowledge about the different phases of existence is gathered by the various branches of science. The function of philosophy is to co-ordinate the entire body of scientific knowledge into a comprehensive theory of nature and life. The function of science is therefore – to describe, and the function of philosophy – is to explain.
Therefore Philosophy is called the Science of Sciences.

Ans: 2) 1937
Explanation: Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, commonly known as Veer Savarkar, became the president of the Hindu Mahasabha in 1937. The Hindu Mahasabha, founded in 1906, was a political organization in India that aimed to represent the interests of the Hindu community.

Ans: 4) Ends and means are interrelated
Explanation: Mahatma Gandhi believed that ends and means are interconnected and that the means used to achieve a particular goal are as important as the goal itself. He emphasized that the means should reflect the values and principles one seeks to uphold.

Ans: 2) B, C and D only
Explanation: The Statements B, C, D are correct with regard to Pandita Ramabai:
▪ In 1887, Ramabai published a book titled “The High Caste Hindu Women,” which shed light on the oppressive practices and conditions faced by women in traditional Hindu society.
▪ In her efforts to address the social issues faced by women, she published a newsletter titled “Mukti Prayer Bell.” The newsletter provided a platform for discussing women’s rights, education, and other related topics.
▪ In 1919, Ramabai was awarded the Kaiser-i-Hind Medal by the British government. The Kaiser-i-Hind Medal was an honor bestowed upon individuals for their exceptional public service in British India.

Ans: 1) B, C, D only
Explanation: Total Revolution was a socio-political ideology and movement propagated by Jayaprakash Narayan, popularly known as JP, in India during the 1970s. JP was a prominent leader and activist who played a crucial role in the country’s independence movement and later became a vocal critic of the government’s policies and corruption.
▪ The concept of Total Revolution advocated by JP aimed to address the systemic issues of poverty, inequality, corruption, and social injustice prevailing in India at that time.
▪ Parliament of Religions – is related to Swami Vivekanand. Vivekanand reached Chicago in 1893 where he gave his famous speech at the Parliament of Religions.
▪ Ganesh Utsav – was started by Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1893.
▪ Shuddhi Andolan – was related to V.D. Savarkar.

Ans: 3) Lothian committee
Explanation: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was a member of Lothian Committee also known as The Indian Franchise Committee was one of the expert committees set up at the conclusion of the Second Round Table Conference in London.
The purpose of the committee was to suggest an electoral roadmap for India which would help in deciding India’s constitutional future.
The committee said it was aided by all political factions in India except the Gandhi nationalists.

Ans: 2) Suwanda H J Sugunasiri
Explanation: Suwanda H.J. Sugunasiri is a leading figure in the Canadian Buddhist community and has made significant contributions to the study and practice of Buddhism in Canada. He is a prolific writer and a respected teacher, and his work has helped to promote a deeper understanding of Buddhism among Canadians.
Nalanda College became the first Canadian seat of learning approved by the Government of Ontario as a non-profitable charitable organization to run postsecondary courses for ‘the systematic study of Buddhism’.

Ans: 1) Escott Reid
Explanation: ‘Envoy to Nehru’ is a book by Escott Reid, a Canadian diplomat, who served as High Commissioner to India from 1953 to 1957.
The book Envoy to Nehru is a personal account of Reid’s time in India, and it also provides a detailed analysis of the special relationship that developed between Canada and India during those years.
Reid argues that the Canadian-Indian relationship was based on a common resistance to the Cold War hysteria of the United States. He also credits the trust that developed between Lester Pearson, the Canadian Prime Minister, and Jawaharlal Nehru, the Indian Prime Minister, for the success of the two countries in working together on issues such as the Korean War armistice (1953).

Ans: 4) A, C and D only
Explanation: The context of the statements in question is related to JP Narayan’s concept of Sarvodaya.
Politically, Sarvodaya sought to establish a truly decentralized democracy that went beyond the democratic elitism of the West and ensured what JP called Panchayati Raj or ‘Swaraj from below’.
In Jayaprakash Narayan’s vision for Panchayati democracy under the idea of Sarvodaya, the way local governance would work organically – is like this:
1. The basic unit is the Gram Sabha or Nagar Sabha, which is a gathering of all adults in a village, town, or neighborhood.
2. From this Gram/Nagar Sabha, two different systems of government are formed at higher levels.
3. The first system is a three-tier local self-government. The Gram Sabha indirectly chooses the Panchayat Samitis, which are assemblies representing a group of villages. And these Panchayat Samitis indirectly choose the Zila Parishads, which are district-level assemblies.
4. The second system of legislative institutions that comes from the Gram/Nagar Sabha includes the Vidhan Sabha (state assembly) and Lok Sabha (national parliament). These are elected through a three-step process.

Answer: 3) B and C only
Explanation:
In the Gandhian idea of Satyagraha as a dialogue:

A is true – Gandhi’s concept of truth encourages dialogue because truth is seen as shared and evolving through discussion.
D is true – The quest for truth is a collective, shared effort in Gandhi’s philosophy.

B is false – Gandhi’s truth supports equality; it is not against it. He believed in the equal right of all individuals to seek and understand truth.
C is false – Satyagraha aims to transform relationships, not to treat parties as adversaries. The approach promotes understanding, not hostility.
Therefore, B and C are incorrect statements, so the correct answer is option 3.

Answer: 3) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

Explanation:
Federation Versus Freedom is a book written by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in 1939.
It was originally a speech delivered at the Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics in Poona.
The book critically analyzes the Federal Scheme proposed for India and discusses its structure, benefits, and drawbacks.
Later, Ambedkar published the speech and his notes in book form under this title.

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

Answer: 4) A, C, D only

Explanation:
According to Kautilya’s Shadguna Niti (Six-fold policy), a would-be conqueror uses six methods of foreign policy:

Sandhi (Making peace) → matches Option A

Vigraha (Hostility)

Asana (Staying quiet / Stationing) → matches Option C

Yana (Marching/Movement)

Samsraya (Seeking support / alliances) → matches Option D

Dvaidhibhava (Dual policy)

Remaining non-violent (Option B) is not part of Kautilya’s strategic and realist approach. He advocated for using power and strategy, not non-violence.

Hence, correct answer is option 4 (A, C, D only).

Answer: 1) Truth Consciousness

Explanation:
Sri Aurobindo’s revolution was a Spiritual Revolution, aimed at spiritual liberation.
Central to this is the concept of Truth Consciousness (also called the Supermind) — a state of perfect spiritual awareness and understanding.
The Supermind acts as a bridge between the Supreme Reality (Sachchidananda) and the human mind.
Aurobindo saw spiritual evolution as a process of moving from limited human consciousness to the Supermind, leading to higher realization and liberation.

Hence, the correct answer is Truth Consciousness.

Answer: 2) Rabindranath Tagore

Explanation:
Rabindranath Tagore made this remark in his famous book Nationalism, where he criticized Western nationalism for being rooted in conflict, conquest, and domination.
He believed that Western nationalism had become a mechanical and aggressive system, driven by the State and economic interests, often resulting in war and exploitation.
Tagore contrasted this with a more spiritual and humanistic approach to society and patriotism.

Hence, the correct answer is option 2: Rabindranath Tagore.

Ans: 3) M. N. Roy
Explanation:
M.N. Roy said, “Radicalism thinks in terms neither of nation nor class, its concern is man; it concerns freedom as freedom of the individual.”
As a Radical Humanist, Roy’s approach was individualistic.
He thought it’s important not to place the individual under the control of a nation or a social group. Roy rejected both the Congress party’s focus on nationalism and the Communists’ emphasis on class struggle.
He said that Radical Humanism doesn’t think in terms of nations or social classes; it’s concerned with people as individuals. According to Roy, freedom should be about the individual’s freedom. He thought that individuals shouldn’t lose their uniqueness by getting absorbed into the identity of a nation or a social class.
Roy didn’t see much difference between a nation-controlled state and a classcontrolled state. He believed that both kinds of states limit individual freedom.
He noted that modern democratic states still tend to prioritize the collective identity of a nation or a class over the freedom of individuals.

Ans: 4) A, B, D & C
Explanation: The writings of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar in a chronological order is as follows:
Annihilation of Caste – 1936
Who were the Shudras? – 1948
The Untouchables – 1948
Future of Parliamentary Democracy – 1951

Answer: 3) A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III

Explanation:
The correct matching of Thinkers and Concepts is:

A) Rabindranath Tagore → True Freedom
Tagore spoke of four stages of true freedom, evolving from individual to universal freedom.

B) J. P. Narayan → Sampurna Kranti (Total Revolution)
J.P. Narayan popularized the call for Total Revolution to transform all aspects of Indian society during the Emergency.

C) Ram Manohar Lohia → Chaukhamba Model
Lohia’s Four-Pillar State (Chaukhamba Model) aimed at decentralization across four levels — village, district, province, center.

D) V. D. Savarkar → Hindu Rashtra
Savarkar advocated the idea of a Hindu Rashtra, focusing on Hindu identity, culture, and nationalism.

Hence, the correct answer is option 3: A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III.

Ans: 1) September 1906, Johannesburg
Explanation: Gandhi organised a mass meeting on 11 September 1906 at the Imperial Theatre in Johannesburg, where 3000 people pledged to defy the Asiatic Law – a short while later this would develop into the first passive resistance campaign. On 20 September 1906, the Crown government passed the Asiatic Law Amendment Ordinance No. 29, which became known as the ‘Black Act’

Ans: 3) E.V. Ramaswami Naicker
Explanation: In 1925, S. Ramanathan invited E.V. Ramaswamy to initiate this movement in Tamil Nadu, where it was largely influential. Also called the Dravidan Movement, the Self Respect Movement demanded equal rights for the backward caste, with a focus in the rights of women.

Ans: 4) Zia Barani
Explanation: Barani categorized laws into two kinds: the Shariat and the Zawabit.
Shariat – is the teachings and practices of the Prophets.
Zawabit – is the state laws formulated in the changed circumstances, where the Shariat was unable to fulfil.

Ans: 3) 1948
Explanation: In the year 1940, the Radical Democratic Party was founded by Manabendra Nath Roy. It was developed from the League of Radical Congressmen which was founded in 1939 by M.N. Roy. Its main objective was to support the allies in World War II. In the year 1948, it was dissolved.
In 1948, MN Roy dissolved the Radical Democratic Party and announced his retirement from active politics. He went on to focus on his writing and intellectual pursuits. Roy continued to be a prominent thinker and writer on politics, philosophy, and social issues until his death in 1954.

Ans: 1) (A), (B), (C) only
Explanation: These statements are true in regards to Tagore’s Philosophy:-
Tagore was an exponent of ‘true freedom’.
Tagore appeared to be a seeker of eternal truth.
Tagore supported creative unity amongst diversity.
Tagore was against the European idea of nationalism which gives birth to war, weapons and violence. (Aggressive nationalism).

Ans: 4) (A), (B), (D), (E) only
Explanation: According to Kautilya, there are four purposes of Dandaniti which are as follows –
1) Acquisition of the unacquired
2) Preservation of the acquired
3) Augmentation of the preserved
4) Fair distribution of the resources acquired, preserved and augmented.

Ans: 2) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
Explanation: (A): The statement suggests that the “Sarvodaya” order, a concept popularized by Jai Prakash Narayan, aims to establish a balanced and equitable economic system in the country.
(R): Agricultural activities as per J.P. would be given the highest priority in the economic life of the people. This means that the focus would be on promoting and supporting agriculture as the main source of income and livelihood for the majority of the population, particularly those in rural areas. Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

Ans:  1) Both Statement I and Statement II are true

Statement I: Nehru favoured a socialistic pattern of society. Nehru supported Fabian branch of Socialism.
Statement II: Nehru’s commitment to civil liberties prevented him fromaccepting the idea of ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’.
Although Nehru was a socialist, he did not support the idea of a ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’, which is a key concept in Marxist theory. This concept refers to the idea that the working class should take over political power and establish a dictatorship to suppress the bourgeoisie. Nehru believed in the importance of democracy and civil liberties and felt that a dictatorship, even one led by the
working class, would undermine these values. Therefore, while he supported socialist policies, he did not advocate for a complete overthrow of the existing political system in favor of a dictatorship.
Both Statements are TRUE.

Ans: 2) (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
Explanation:
Surat Split – 1907
Non-Cooperation Movement – 1919-21
Mahad Satyagraha – 1927
Quit India Movement – 1942

Ans: 1) (B), (D), (C), (A)
Explanation: The Saptang theory of State was developed in ancient India by Kautilya, who wrote about it in his book Arthashastra, which was written around 300 BCE.
Satyagraha, meaning “truth-force,” was developed by Mahatma Gandhi in the early 20th century as a nonviolent means of resistance against British colonial rule in India.
Radical Humanism, a philosophical movement that emphasizes human rights and individual freedom, was developed in the mid-20th century by M. N. Roy, an Indian nationalist and political activist. Sampurna Kranti, meaning “Total Revolution,” was a movement started by Jayaprakash Narayan (J.P.) in the 1970s to bring about socio-economic and political reforms in India.

Ans: 1) Takshila
Explanation: Kautilya taught at the ancient university of Takshashila, which is now in modern-day Pakistan. Takshashila was one of the oldest and most renowned centers of learning in ancient India, and it attracted scholars and students from across the region and beyond.
Kautilya was a professor of political science and economics at Takshashila, and he is said to have written his famous treatise, the Arthashastra, while he was teaching there. The Arthashastra is a comprehensive guide to governance, diplomacy, economics, and warfare, and it is considered one of the most important works on politics and governance in ancient India.

Ans: 1) Nasihat for the Muslim Kings
Explanation: The Fatwa-i-Jahandari is a work containing the political ideals to be pursued by a Muslim ruler in order to earn religious merit and the gratitude of his subjects. It is written as nasihat (advices) – for the Muslim kings.

Ans: 3) Kabir
Explanation: The concept of ‘Begumpura, the Kingdom of God’ is associated with Kabir. Kabir was a 15th-century Indian mystic and poet who promoted the idea of a spiritual utopia called Begumpura, which means “city without sorrow” or “kingdom of God.” Kabir believed that this utopia could be achieved through spiritual practice and inner transformation, rather than through material wealth or political power.

Ans: 3) Ramabai
Explanation: The Arya Mahila Samaj was founded on November 30, 1882. It was founded by Pandita Ramabai with the aim of ’empowering and educating each woman to lead a dignified life’. Pandita Ramabai was a women’s rights & education activist, a pioneer in the education and emancipation of women in India, and a social reformer.

Ans: 1) A, B and D only
Explanation: In 1897, Vivekananda started the Ramakrishna Mission, which aimed at the spiritual, social, and economic upliftment of society.
Vivekananda set up the Advaita Ashram in Mayavati, in the Himalayas, which was a center for the study and practice of Vedanta.
Vivekananda passed away in 1902, much before the Sedition Committee Report of 1918 was released. Hence, he could not have accepted it.
Vivekananda believed that a nation’s true worth could not always be measured in terms of its military might or material development. He stressed on the need for spiritual development along with material progress.

Ans: 1) A, B, C and E only
Explanation: Tilak indeed believed that the roots of Indian Nationalism must be in the sentiments and emotions of the Indian masses.
Tilak had proposed a congress resolution for the release of Ali brothers, who were political leaders in India during the British rule and had been arrested for their involvement in the Khilafat movement.
According to Tilak, Swaraj (self-rule) was not just a political or constitutional necessity but also a moral necessity.
Tilak did write that Swarajya is the foundation and not the height of our future prosperity.

Ans: 2) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
Explanation: Assertion (A) states that in Satyagraha, there was not even the remotest idea of injuring the opponent. The primary goal of Satyagraha was to resist oppressive or unjust laws or policies peacefully and with respect for the opponent.
Reason (R) states that in Passive Resistance there was always an idea of harassment against the other party. Passive resistance may involve some degree of harassment or inconvenience for the other party, but the aim is not to harm or injure them physically or psychologically. Rather it is to apply pressure and create a sense of discomfort that will motivate the opponent to reconsider their actions or policies.
Hence, Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

Ans: 1) Both Statement I and Statement II are true
Explanation:
Statement I: states that Periyar’s primary goal was the elimination of the caste system, which he saw as contrary to the principles of human civilization and self-respect. Periyar believed that the caste system was a tool of oppression that denied people their basic human rights and dignity.
He argued that it was not only unjust but also against the principles of human civilization and self-respect.
Statement II: states that Periyar firmly believed that revolution without violence ensures real and permanent welfare to the people. Periyar believed that non-violent revolutions, on the other hand, can bring about lasting change by promoting unity and understanding among people. He also believed that non-violent revolutions can inspire people to change their attitudes and behaviors towards each other, leading to a more harmonious and just society.

Ans: 4) A – IV, B – III, C – II, D – I
Explanation:
The Books and Authors correctly matched as follows –
Hind Swaraj – M. K. Gandhi
Discovery of India – J. L. Nehru
Gita Rahasya – Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Who Were the Shudras? – Babasahab Ambedkar

Ans : 3) Foreign Policy and inter-state relation
Explanation : The Rajamandala theory consists of four principal types of states viz. Vijigishu (desirous for or would be world conqueror), Ari (enemy, whose territory if contiguous to Vijigishu), Madhyama (Middle king with territory adjoining those of Vijigishu and Ari and stronger than both) and Udasina (kingdom lying outside or neutral and more powerful than that of Vijigishu, Ari, and Madhyama). Each of them has an ally and ally’s ally thus making 12 kings and 60 types of combinations called material constituents (for example,
enemy’s enemy, mitra’s enemy, enemy’s mitra, mitra’s mitra and so on). This together combines into the total 72 elements of Raja Mandala.

Ans : 3) 1925. Periyar
Explanation : Self-Respect Movement was started by E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker in Tamil Nadu in 1925. Self-Respect Movement was a dynamic social movement aimed at destroying the contemporary Hindu social order in its totality and creating a new, rational society without caste, religion and god.

Ans : 4) Rabindranath Tagore
Explanation : Rabindranath Tagore knew no geographical boundaries, and believed in universalism.

Ans : 1) Indian Agrarian System
Explanation : It is a detailed examination of what ails Indian agriculture and how can the identified problems be addressed.

Ans : 4) A, B, C Only
Explanation : Kautilya enumerated seven prakritis or essential organs of the state. They are as follow:
(i) Swami (The Ruler)
(ii) Amatya (The Minister)
(iii) Janapada (The Population)
(iv) Durga (The Fortified Capital)
(v) Kosha (The Treasury)
(vi) Danda (The Army)
(vii) Mitra (Ally and Friend)

Ans : 2) C, D Only
Explanation : JP was a Sarvodayi leader. He believed in guarantee of full individual and civil liberty and cooperative farms run by Village Panchayats.

Ans : 2) (A-II), (B-IV), (C-I), (D-III)
Explanation :
Integral Humanism : Deen Dayal Upadyaya
Total Revolution : Jaya Prakash Narayan
Radical Humanism : M. N. Roy
Self Respect Movement : Periyar

Ans : 1) B, C, A, D
Explanation :
Non-Cooperation Movement : 1920
Civil Disobedience Movement : 1930
Quit India Movement : 1942
Total Revolution Movement : 1974

Ans : 3) Kochrab Ashram
Explanation : Kochrab Ashram which is also known as Satyagraha Ashram started in Kochrab on 25th May 1915. It was first Ashram Gandhi started in India.

Ans : 4) Akbarnama
Explanation : Akbarnama is a book written by Abu’l-Fazl ibn Mubarak.

Ans : 1) 1889
Explanation : Sharda Sadan was started in the year 1889 by Pandita Ramabai for child widows.

Ans : 3) V.D. Savarkar
Explanation : Six Glorious Epochs of Indian History was written by V.D. Savarkar.

Ans : 3) C and D only
Explanation : Passive Resistance is negative in practice and weapon of the weaker sections; Satyagraha is positive morality and never desires to terrorize the opponent.

Ans : 4) A, B, C and D
Explanation : For Lohia the desire for equality in the modern world has become the desire for being similar and not equal. The removal of inequality from human society was one of the seven revolutions.

Ans : 1) B and C only
Explanation: He explains Spiritual Nationalism and sees Nationalism as a religious aspiration and moral attitude.

Ans : 3) A and B only
Explanation: He was the disciple of Ramakrishna Paramhans. In 1893, he proceeded to participate in the Chicago Parliament of Religions where he gave the impressive speech which start as “Brothers and Sisters of America..”

Ans : 4) A – II, B – I, C – IV, D – III
Explanation :
Hindutva by Savarkar in 1923
A Plea for the Reconstruction of Indian Polity by JP in 1959
Marx, Gandhi and Socialism by Lohia in 1963
Caste in India, Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development in 1916

Ans : 1) A, C, B, D
Explanation:
Caste in India, Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development in 1916
The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution in 1923
The Annihilation of Caste in 1936
Thoughts on Pakistan i

Ans : 2) Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
Explanation : Integral humanism is a doctrine developed by Deendayal Upadhyaya and adopted by the Jana Sangh in 1965 as its official doctrine.

Ans : 3) Statement I is true but Statement II is false
Explanation: Tagore and Gandhi met for the first time at Shantiniketan.

Ans : 1) Considerations of man as atoms
Explanation: Integral Humanism is a philosophy that advocates fusing native “Indian culture” with the social, political and economic fabric of the country.

Ans : 4) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Explanation: Bal Gangadhar Tilak said “We will get nothing by appealing to or shouting hoarse in the ears of the British Bureaucracy in India”.

Ans : 2) Human dignity
Explanation: Periyar E.V. Ramaswamy argued in favour of Human dignity and he revolted against caste, gender and Brahminical domination in Tamil Nadu.

Ans : 3) A, B and D only
Explanation: Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a rationalist and supporter of monotheism, was influenced by Upanishads.

Ans : 1) A, B, C and D
Explanation: Bal Gangadhar Tilak was an extremist leader of INC. He was in favour of the policy of obstruction. That means obstructing the activity of the British by hook or by crook. His objective was the attainment of Swaraj which was the birthright of everyone. He never thought of negotiating with the British but tried to replace them by all means.

Ans : 2) A, B and C only
Explanation: His conception of spiritual nationalism was linked to his philosophy that rests on evolution of human life into the divine life. He elevated the demand for national freedom to a religious faith so that the masses could be awakened.

Ans : 2) B, D, C, A
Explanation :
The problem of the Rupee: Its origin and its solution – 1923
The Rise and Fall of Hindu Woman – 1951
The Buddha and His Dhamma – 1957
Gandhi and Gandhism – 1970

Ans : 1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation : Ambedkar was in the favour of giving the states a greater amount of independence.
But the center can subsume the legislative power of the states in instances like during emergency.

Ans : 3) Abhinav Bharat
Explanation : Abhinav Bharat Society (Young India Society) was an Indian Independence secret society founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and his brother Ganesh Damodar Savarkar in 1904.

Ans : 3) Supporting the Varnashrama system
Explanation: Vivekananda was very critical of the Varnashrama system for the disunity of India. His nationalism is firmly based on Indian spirituality and morality.

Ans : 2) L. N. Rangarajan
Explanation : Kautilya : The Arthashastra was written by L.N. Rangarajan in the year 1992.

Ans : 2) B.R. Ambedkar
Explanation: B.R. Ambedkar said “The mind, therefore, had to be de-colonized first before it could be made more responsive to freedom”.

Ans : 3) A, B and C only
Explanation: Gandhi’s concept of Swadeshi was influenced by Ruskin’s book, Unto This Last. And Gandhi’s deep ethical-spiritual conviction and his understanding of the economic condition of the people.

Ans : 2) B, C and D only
Explanation: Nehru’s idea of Nationalism was based on cultural pluralism, selfdetermination. He was also influenced by Synthetic Universalism which was propounded by Tagore.

Ans : 4) A, B and C only
Explanation : JP quest for morality as the basis of democracy was the guiding force behind his idea of Total Revolution. It can be traced in his book Prison Diary (1979). His concept of total revolution was based on his support for
political decentralization and economic decentralization.

Ans : 1) D, C, B, A
Explanation :
Establishment of Sabarmati Ashram : 1915
Satyagraha at Champaran by Gandhi : 1917
Non-Cooperation movement by Gandhi : 1920
Civil disobedience movement by Gandhi : 1930

Ans : (4) Empire building only
Explanation: The function of State according to Kautilya is to promote the moral and material happiness and welfare of people and enable them to pursue freely their independent efforts in life.

Ans : (2) Buddhist Philosophy
Explanation : Aggañña Sutta is the 27th sutta of the Digha Nikaya collection.
The sutta describes a discourse imparted by the Lord Buddha to two brahmins, Bharadvaja and Vasettha, who left their family and varna to become monks.

Ans : (2) Indian National Congress
Explanation : Periyar for the first time joined INC but disagreed with major members of the party so he left the party in 1925.

Ans : (1) B.R. Ambedkar
Explanation : Ambedkar was against the idea of Panchayati Raj System as he argued that in the villages only there are major caste discrimination, people are infected with ancient prejudices.

Ans : (1) V.D. Savarkar
Explanation : In 1923, Savarkar wrote a book Hindutva which outlines the fundamental ideas behind Hindu nationalism.

Ans : (1) (A) and (B) Only
Explanation : Passive resistance is negative in practice and weapon of the weaker sections; Satyagraha is positive morality and never desires to terrorize the opponent.

Ans : (4) A and C only
Explanation: JP founded Congress Socialist Party in 1934 and Praja Socialist Party in 1952.

Ans : 2. A Only

(A) Advices for Muslim kings in order to earn religious merit and the gratitude of the subject.
Explanation: ‘Fatwa-i-Jahandari’ of Barani is mainly concerned by Muslim Kings only; he never talks about Kings of other religion.

Ans : (2) B and C
Explanation: Ramabai was against superstition, discrimination present in Hindu religion and that is why supported Christianity. She has work immensely for upliftment of women through education. She wrote “The High Caste Hindu Women” in the year 1887.

Ans : 2) (C) and (D) only
Explanation: Arya Samaj was a Hindu reform movement and oppose inhumane practices against women. All India Women’s Conference was established in 1927 by Margaret Cousins. In 1917, Sarojini Naidu founded the Women’s Association with Annie Besant. Tilak’s Ganesh Utsavas was mainly for youths which include both men and women.

Ans : (3) (A)-(II), (B)- (IV), (C) -(I), (D)-(III)
Explanation :
Geetanjali : It is also known as “Song Offering” in Bengali.
Gora : It is an analysis of the multifarious social life world in colonial India.
Sadhana : It is translated as “spiritual practice or discipline” .
Ghare-Baire : The conflict between concepts of western culture and revolt against the western culture.

Ans : (1) V.D. Savarkar
Explanation: V.D. Savarkar called 1857 revolt as the First War of Independence.