Correct option is 4) A & C only
A) Modern democracy is a party democracy (Katz): This statement by Katz emphasizes the essential role of political parties in modern democratic systems.
C) Parties are the core institutions of democratic politics (Lipset): Lipset’s definition highlights the centrality of political parties in democratic governance.

Ans: 2) B, A, C, D, E
Explanation:
The waves of democratic transition, as described by Samuel P. Huntington, are as follows:
• First wave of democratization (B): This began in the early 19th century when suffrage was granted to the majority of white males in the United
States, followed by France, Britain, Canada, Australia, Italy, and Argentina, and a few others before 1900.
• First reverse wave (A): The reversal began in 1922, when Benito Mussolini rose to power in Italy.
• Second wave of democratization (C): This wave occurred after World War II.
• Second reverse wave (D): This wave occurred after Second wave of democratization.
• Third wave of democratization (E): This wave began in the mid-1970s in southern Europe, followed by Latin America and Asia.
So, the correct order is B, A, C, D, E. Therefore, the correct option is 2. B, A, C, D, E.

Ans: 2) Top-down democratic transition
Explanation: The process in which the dictatorial ruling elite introduces liberalizing reforms that ultimately lead to a democratic transition is known as a Top-down democratic transition. This process is initiated by the leaders of an authoritarian regime who implement democratic reforms because they become convinced that the reforms are necessary for regime survival. Therefore, the correct option is 2) Top-down democratic transition.

Ans: 3) A – II, B – I, C – IV, D – III
Explanation: The Given Books and their Authors matched correctly:-
* Social Structure and the Ruling Class – Raymond Aron
* The Power Elite – C. Wright Mills
* The Managerial Revolution – James Burnham
* The Ruling Class – Gaetano Mosca

Correct Answer: 3 and 4 (Both are the same)
Matching List-I with List-II:
A) The Theory of the Masses → II. Ortega Y. Gasset
B) Managerial Revolution → I. Burnham
C) Mass Mind → IV. Michels
D) Rule of Anticipated Reactions → III. Carl J. Friedrich

Explanation:
* Ortega Y. Gasset: Discussed the rise of the “masses” and their impact on democracy.
* James Burnham: Proposed the “Managerial Revolution,” where a new managerial elite replaces traditional capitalists.
* Robert Michels: Developed the “Iron Law of Oligarchy,” explaining how organizations inevitably lead to elite rule (Mass Mind).
* Carl J. Friedrich: Explained the “Rule of Anticipated Reactions,” where rulers maintain control by predicting and preventing opposition.
Since options 3 and 4 are identical, they are both correct.

Correct Answer: 3) A, B, and C only
Explanation:
1. Lucian Pye identified six crises in political development:
2. Identity Crisis – Difficulty in forming a strong national identity.
3. Legitimacy Crisis – Struggles in establishing a government accepted by the people.
4. Participation Crisis – Challenges in ensuring citizen participation in politics.
5. Penetration Crisis – Issues with government control and administration across society.
6. Integration Crisis – Problems in integrating different groups and interests.
7. Distribution Crisis – Struggles in fair distribution of resources.
Among the given options, Identity Crisis (A), Legitimacy Crisis (B), and Penetration Crisis (C) are correct.
Welfare Crisis (D) is not part of Pye’s six crises, so option 3 is correct.

Ans: 1) Nancy Shoemaker
Explanation: Nancy Shoemaker, a historian, has classified Colonialism into Twelve types:
1. Settler Colonialism
2. Planter Colonialism
3. Extractive Colonialism
4. Trade Colonialism
5. Transport Colonialism
6. Imperial Power Colonialism
7. Legal Colonialism
8. Rogue Colonialism
9. Missionary Colonialism
10. Romantic Colonialism
11. Not-in-My-Backyard Colonialism
12. Post-colonial Colonialism

Correct Answer: 4) Cultural Colonialism
Explanation: Nancy Shoemaker’s 12 types of colonialism include Extractive, Trade, Legal, and Post-Colonial Colonialism, but Cultural Colonialism is not among them. Hence, option 4 is correct.

Correct Answer: 1) S.N. Eisenstadt
Explanation: S.N. Eisenstadt introduced the concept of “Breakdowns of Modernization” in his 1964 paper. He analyzed why modernization in some nations led to autocratic or semi-authoritarian regimes instead of democratic progress.

Correct Answer: 1) B, D, C, A
Explanation:
W.W. Rostow’s Five Stages of Economic Growth outline a country’s transition from a traditional to an advanced economy:
1. Pre-Takeoff Stage (B) – Early infrastructure and investment begin.
2. Takeoff Stage (D) – Rapid industrial growth starts.
3. Age of Maturity (C) – Diversified economy, high industrialization.
4. Age of High Mass-Consumption (A) – Focus on consumer goods and high living standards.
Thus, the correct chronological order is B → D → C → A.

Ans: 1) A, E, B, C, D
Explanation: Countries as per their rank in Human Development Index (from Higher to Lower) as per 2022 report:-
Country Rank (HDI)
Bahrain – 35
Mauritius – 63
China – 79
Brazil – 87
India – 132

Correct Answer: 1) A, B, C only
Explanation:
John Wahlke classified the role of representatives into three categories:
1. Trustee-Deputy Role (A) – Representatives may act independently or follow constituents’ instructions.
2. Facilitator-Neutral Role (B) – Representatives balance different interests while serving constituents.
3. District-State or Country Role (C) – They decide whether to prioritize local or national interests.
Revolutionary Role (D) is NOT part of Wahlke’s classification.

Correct Answer: 2) Mancur Olson
Explanation:
* Mancur Olson (1965) wrote The Logic of Collective Action, challenging the Pluralist view of equal group formation.
* He used Rational Choice Theory, arguing that people join groups only when they receive individual benefits (selective incentives).
* Public goods-based groups struggle, as individuals can free-ride without joining.
Key Idea: Interest groups mobilize based on personal gains, not just shared causes.

Correct Answer: 3) Doug McAdam
Explanation:
* Doug McAdam (1982) developed the Political Process Model to explain social movement emergence.
* Key Ideas:
* Movements evolve based on external opportunities, resources, and strategies.
* Political opportunities (like government weakness) create chances for mobilization.
* Strong organization is needed to turn these opportunities into action.
Conclusion: Social movements depend on both external political conditions and internal organization.

Correct Answer: 4) B, A, C, D
Chronological Order of U.S. Constitutional Development:
1) 1777 – Articles of Confederation (First U.S. constitution, weak central govt.)
2) 1787 – U.S. Federal Constitution (Replaced Articles, stronger federal govt.)
3) 1791 – Bill of Rights (First 10 Amendments, protecting individual liberties.)
4) 1868 – 14th Amendment (Guaranteed citizenship & equal protection of laws.)
Conclusion: The U.S. Constitution evolved from a weak confederation to a strong federal system, with growing protections for rights over time.

Correct Answer: 3) B and C only
Eric Hobsbawm’s Theory of Nationalism in Europe:
✔ B. Invented Traditions – Hobsbawm argued that nationalism creates myths of continuous history & pure culture.
✔ C. Petty Bourgeoisie & Separatist Nationalism – The middle class, excluded from power & heavily taxed, pushed for nationalist movements.
✗ A is incorrect – Hobsbawm did not emphasize three phases of nationalism.
✗ D is incorrect – He did not ignore ethno-linguistic nationalism; he analyzed its constructed nature.
Conclusion: Hobsbawm viewed nationalism as a social construct shaped by economic and political interests.

Correct Answer: 2) Scandinavian social democratic regime
Richard Titmuss’ Three Welfare State Models:
✔ Residual Welfare Model – Minimal state intervention; help only when markets & family fail (e.g., US, UK, Canada).
✔ Industrial Achievement Performance Model – Welfare linked to work & productivity (e.g., Germany, Japan, South Korea).
✔ Institutional Redistributive Model – Universal welfare services, strong state role (e.g., Sweden, Norway, Denmark).
* Scandinavian Social-Democratic Regime = Institutional Redistributive Model.

Correct Answer: 1) A, C, and E only
Key Insights from Juan Linz & Alfred Stepan on Democratic Consolidation:
✔ A. Civil society & political society are complementary – Both are essential for democratic consolidation.
✔ C. Rule of law is a condition for democracy – Without legal protections, democracy remains unstable.
✔ E. Democracies need governance capacity – Effective state institutions are necessary to regulate & extract resources.
* B (complementarity is always recognized) is false – Political & civil society can sometimes be in conflict.
* D (pure market economies exist in modern democracies) is false – Democracies require a mixed economic society, not purely free markets.

Correct Answer: 3) A is correct but Statement R is false
Explanation (Based on Giovanni Sartori’s Typology of Multiparty Systems):
✔ A (True): In a polarized multiparty system, parties have large ideological differences, often influenced by dogmatic radicalism.
✔ R (False): Political coalitions in such a system are often not viable because:
* Extreme anti-system parties aim to overthrow the system, not just govern.
* The centrist party dominates, preventing other parties from moderating their stance.
* Competition is centrifugal (moves away from the center), making coalition-building difficult.
* Conclusion: While A is true (polarization exists), R is false (coalitions are generally unstable).

Correct Answer: 1) B and C only
Explanation (Understanding Political Culture in Comparative Politics):
Political culture studies focus on attitudes, beliefs, and values that shape political behavior. Two key principles used for analyzing political culture are:
✔ B. Converse Principle:
Claims that different political values are correlated (e.g., those who support democracy also support human rights).
Helps in identifying ideological consistency in a population.
✔ C. Robinson’s Principle:
Suggests that macro-level attitudes (national values) may differ from individual-level attitudes.

Highlights the gap between collective beliefs and personal political opinions.

* Why not the others?
✗ A. Riker’s Strategic Principle → Used in rational choice theory, not for studying political culture.
✗ D. Gallagher’s Least Square Index → Measures disproportionality in electoral systems.
✗ E. Rae’s Fractionalization Index → Measures party system fragmentation, not public attitudes.

Conclusion:
✔ Only Converse and Robinson’s principles directly analyze political culture.

Correct Answer: 3) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I

Explanation (Matching Concepts with Proponents):

Thus, the correct matching is:
✔ A – II, B – III, C – IV, D – I

Ans: 3) (A) and (C) only
Explanation: According to Gabriel Almond, there are 4 Input functions and 3 output functions of a Political System:-
Input Functions :-
1. Political Socialisation and Recruitment (through Family, Peer Groups)
2. Interest Articulation (through Interest Groups)
3. Interest Aggregation (through Political Parties)
4. Political Communication (through Media)
Output Functions :-
1. Rule Making (Legislature)
2. Rule Application (Executive)
3. Rule Adjudication (Judiciary)

Ans: 3) (A), (B) and (C) only
Explanation: The Following factors lead to revolution in a political system :-
* Severe class divisions
* Role of intellectuals in mass mobilization
* Social disequilibrium

Ans: 2) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
Explanation: (A): The statement suggests that political culture is a collection of beliefs and attitudes about politics that are reflected in the behavior of individuals, whether through their words or actions. Political culture can vary depending on the specific context of a particular political system or society.

(R): Typological models of political culture suggest that certain societies or political systems can be classified into distinct types based on their political beliefs and attitudes. Meanwhile, morphological models focus on the internal dynamics and structures that shape political culture, such as the distribution of power or the nature of political institutions.

Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

Ans: 1) Both Statement I and Statement II are true
Explanation: Statement I: suggests that by providing a platform for political participation and competition, the party system allows for the expression of diverse viewpoints and interests, and enables citizens to have a say in the governance of their society.
Statement II: suggests that one of the goals of the party system is to replace traditional elites with new ones. The traditional elites may include aristocrats, wealthy businessmen, or other privileged groups who have historically held power in society. By forming political parties and contesting elections, new elites may emerge who represent different interests and values, and who can potentially reshape the political and social landscape. Both Statements are TRUE.

Ans: 4) (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C) -(I), (D)-(II)
Explanation: Politics change in underdeveloped countries: Nationalism and
Communism – by John H. Kautsky
Political Development – by C.H. Dodd
The Politics of Modernization – by David E. Apter
Tradition, Change and Modernity – by S.N. Eisenstadt

Ans: 4) (C), (B), (D), (A)
Explanation: 1. Political Separatism – refers to the principle that power should be distributed among different levels of government, rather than being concentrated in the hands of a single central authority.
2. Codification of Law – it helps to promote the rule of law and the protection of individual rights, ensuring that everyone is subject to the same laws and that no one is above the law.
3. Constitutional Monarchy – The English Bill of Rights of 1689 set the stage for a constitutional monarchy in England, which means the king and queen acts as a head of state but their powers are limited by law.
4. Checks and Balances – The Founding Fathers of the United States (1776) were influenced by the Enlightenment philosophers such as Montesquieu in his Spirit of Laws (1748), who advocated for the separation of powers and the implementation of checks and balances.

Ans: 2) Aristotle
Explanation: The idea that an ideal constitution keeps the political elite in good moral shape and provides lasting political excellence can be traced back to the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle.

Aristotle argued that the ideal constitution was one that balanced the interests of the different social classes in society and allowed for the rule of law. He believed that the best constitution was one that provided for the common good and promoted virtue and excellence for both the citizens and the ruling class.

Ans: 2) Immanuel Wallerstein
Explanation: Immanuel Wallerstein developed World Systems Theory and its three-level hierarchy: core, periphery, and semi-periphery.
Core countries are dominant capitalist countries that exploit peripheral countries for labor and raw materials.
Peripheral countries are dependent on core countries for capital and have underdeveloped industry.
Semi-peripheral countries share characteristics of both core and peripheral countries.

Ans: 4) A, B, C and E only
Explanation: Gabriel Almond has classified Party Systems into four types :-
i) Authoritarian party system
ii) Dominant non-authoritarian party system
iii) Competitive two-party system
iv) Competitive multi-party system

Ans: 3) Statement I is correct but Statement II is false
Explanation: Statement I: suggests that one of the core assumptions of globalists is that globalization theoretically increases the range of consumer goods available to people around the world. This is based on the idea that globalization leads to increased trade and investment. As a result, consumers in different parts of the world can have access to a wider range of goods at
more affordable prices.
Statement II: Globalists are individuals or organizations that advocate for greater interconnectedness and interdependence among countries and regions of the world. They believe that increased global cooperation, trade, and investment can lead to greater economic growth, development, and prosperity for all. They do not advocate that globalization only favours the rich.
Hence, Statement I is correct but Statement II is false.

Ans: 2) A – IV, B – I, C – III, D – II
Explanation: The Concepts and Authors are correctly matched as follows –
History is a graveyard of aristocracies – Vilfredo Pareto
Iron law of oligarchy – Robert Michels
Bureaucratic Rationality – Max Weber
Democratic Elitism – Joseph Schumpeter

Ans: 3) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
Explanation: The Books and Authors correctly matched as follows –
Theories of Underdevelopment and Development – Ronald H. Chilcote
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa – Walter Rodney
Development and Underdevelopment – Geoffrey Key
Imperialism and Social Classes – Imperialism and Social Classes

Ans : 1) Huntington
Explanation : Huntington describes modernisation as, “a multi-faceted process involving change in all areas of human thought and activity”. Modernisation is a process which affects men of all levels. It brings changes which are psychological, social, political, economic, cultural, intellectual and demographic.

Ans : 1) Non Institutional Interest groups
Explanation : Almond says that there can be four different types of groups.
This classification has generally been supported by Hitchner and Levine also.
According to Almond, the interest groups are of following types:
i) Institutional Interest Groups;
ii) Anomic Interest Groups;
iii) Associational Interest Groups; and
iv) Non-Associational Interest Groups.

Ans : 4) A, B, C, D
Explanation : Direct democracy is one of the special features of the Swiss political system. It allows the electorate to express their opinion on decisions taken by the Swiss Parliament and to propose amendments to the Federal Constitution.

Ans : 2) B Only
Explanation : Characteristic of the modernisation process according to Huntington are :
. Revolutionary process
. Complex Process
. Coherent and systematic process
. Global process
. Irreversible process
. Progressive process

Ans : 2) A, B and D Only
Explanation : It is one of the curiosities of contemporary political science that a second ‘new institutionalism,’ which we term rational choice institutionalism, developed at the same time as historical institutionalism but in relative isolation from it. Rational choice institutionalism, which has its roots in economics and organizational theory, examines institutions as systems of rules and incentives.

Ans : 4) (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
Explanation : (A) Political Parties written by Robert Michels in 1911.
(B) Ruling Class written by Gaetano Mosca in 1939.
(C) The Power Elite written by C. Wright Mills in 1956.
(D) The Mind and Society written by Vilfredo Pareto in 1916.

Ans : 1) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct Explanation of (A)
Explanation : Students of comparative politics learn to analyse and compare countries, emphasizing key patterns of similarity and difference. They also examine politics from humanistic and scientific perspectives, honing applicable skills such as critical thinking and communication along the way.

Ans : 1) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct Explanation of (A)
Explanation : India’s government is a hybrid system. The hybrid system combines two classical models : British traditions based on parliamentary sovereignty and conventions, and American principles based on written constitutions, separation of powers, and judicial review.

Ans : 3) Almond and Powell
Explanation : According to Almond and Powell, the concept of political culture involves three components of individual orientations
1. Cognitive orientations-which means knowledge of and belief about the political system, its role, its objects and official, its input and outputs.
2.Effective orientation- which means feeling of attachment, involvement, rejection and the like about the political system, its personnel and performance and about their political objects.
3. Evaluative orientation- means judgements and opinion about political objects which usually involve applying value standards to political objects and events.

Ans : 3) Hans Kohn
Explanation : The Idea of Nationalism : A Study in Its Origins and Background written by Hans Kohn in 1944.

Ans : 2) Orientation of public management
Explanation : Robert A Dahl gives an opinion that political culture as a factor explains different patterns of political opposition whose salient elements are:
· Orientation of problem-solving
· Orientation to collective actions
· Orientation to the political system and
· Orientation to other people (Dahl, 1971)

Ans : 4) K. Nkrumah
Explanation : Neo-Colonialism : The Last Stage of Imperialism written by Kwame Nkrumah in 1965.

Ans : 2) A – II, B – IV, C – III, D – I
Explanation :
A. Kedourie Elie – Nationalism (1960)
B. Hans Kohn – Nationalism and Liberty : The Swiss Example (1956)
C. Ramsay Muir – Nationalism and Internationalism : The Culmination of Modern History (1916)
D. Boyd. C. Shafer – Nationalism Myth and Reality (1955)

Ans : 3) Party based concept
Explanation : Constitutionalism, doctrine that a government’s authority is determined by a body of laws or constitution. Although constitutionalism is sometimes regarded as a synonym for limited government, that is only one interpretation and by no means the most prominent one historically.

Ans : 2) Almond and Coleman
Explanation : Almond and Coleman distinguished between interest articulation function and other anomic group functions.

Ans : 2) A, B and C only
Explanation : Prerequisites of the comparative method are :
a. Conceptual framework as a factor in unit selection
b. Comparable conceptual issues as a focus of inquiry
c. Definition of the focus of inquiry

Ans : 4) A and B only
Explanation : Karl Deutsch, in his book, “The Nerves of Government“, works out in detail an analogy between the machines, the human beings and the social systems, more particularly the political system.

Ans : 2) A – III, B – IV, C – I, D – II
Explanation : A. Lord Bryce – Modern Democracies (1921)
B. Graham Wallas – Human Nature in Politics (1908)
C. Gabriel Almond – Comparative Politics – A Developmental Approach
D. Charles E. Merriam – New Aspects of Politics (1925)

Ans : 3) T. B. Bottomore
Explanation : Bottomore examines the main theories of elites from Mosca and Pareto to modern theorists. He examines the characteristics of particular elites in relation to the upper classes and class structures in other industrially advanced societies and developing countries. He also examines the chances for more equitable forms of society in which democracy is becoming the ideology of choice.

Ans : 3) New Middle Classes
Explanation : New social movements (NSMs) are described by a theory regarding social movements which posits that the advent of the post-industrial economy resulted in a new wave of social movements distinct from those social movements arising during the industrial economy.

Ans : 4) Corruption
Explanation : The political culture of a nation refers to the basic attitudes and orientations of its people towards the political system. The loyalty of the people to the political system, their reaction to the political events and their faith on the fundamental issues and form of the political system are some of the important variables of studying a nation’s political culture.

Ans : 1) A, B and C only
Explanation : Robert Packenham has outlined the important roles of the assemblies of Afro-Asian and Latin American countries as:
Legitimate function
Safety-valve function
Administrative overview

Ans : 4) A, C and D only
Explanation : The Third World was mainly underdeveloped agricultural states and nations of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, where the blessings of civilization benefited only a small ruling elite and the corporations and upper classes of the former colonial powers.
In principle, the term Third World is outdated but still in use; today, the politically correct designation would be less developed countries.

Ans : 2) A – IV, B – III, C – I, D – II
A. A.G. Frank – (IV) Dependency Theory: Explains global economic inequality due to exploitation by powerful nations.

B. Karl W. Deutsch – (III) Communication Theory: Emphasizes information flow in decision-making over power politics.

C. Mikhail Gorbachev – (I) Glasnost: Soviet policy promoting political openness and democratization.

D. Morton Kaplan – (II) Systems Theory: Proposes models of global political organization, including balance of power and bipolar systems.

Ans : 2) B, C, D, A
Explanation :
Constitution of America – 1789
Constitution of India – 1949
Constitution of Canada – 1982
Constitution of Switzerland – 1999

Ans : (2) New ZealandAustralia 
Explanation : Countries that have no written constitution are : UK, Israel, Libya, New Zealand, Oman and Saudi Arabia.

Ans : (4) Media
Explanation : Some of the causes of the Democratic Shift in the context of Democratisation are mentioned below:
. Economic development and modernization
. Equality and inclusive institutions
. Political Culture
. Social capital and civil society
. Waves of democracy
. Loss of popularity and legitimacy by military regimes
. Promotion, and foreign influence and intervention

Answer: (1) Germany
Explanation: Consociationalism is a power-sharing model used in deeply divided societies to ensure stability through elite cooperation. It features grand coalitions, segmental autonomy, proportionality, and minority veto. Countries like Netherlands, Switzerland, and Belgium practice consociationalism, but Germany does not, as it follows a federal parliamentary system rather than a consociational model.

Ans : (3) A and C Only
Explanation : Dependency theory explains that underdeveloped nations enrich advanced countries with resources at their own expense. This theory was formulated in 1960 to respond to a statistic by a researcher known as Raul Prebisch. In his research, Prebisch noted that the wealth of the advanced nations came from the developing ones. Therefore, Dependency Theory holds that developing nations are entirely dependent on advanced nations, and this limits them from becoming industrious.

Ans : (4) (A)-(IV), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)
Explanation :
(A) Politics and Markets : The World’s Political-Economic Systems written by Charles Lindblom in 1977.
(B) The Power Elite written by C. Wright Mills in 1956.
(C) A Preface to Democratic Theory written by Robert Dahl in 1956.
(D) The Logic of Collective Action : Public Goods and the Theory of Groups written by Mancure Olson in 1965.

Ans : (3) Statement I is correct but Statement I is false
Explanation : Oligarchy, government by the few, especially despotic power exercised by a small and privileged group for corrupt or selfish purposes.
Robert Michels spelled out the iron law of oligarchy in the first decade of the 20th century in Political Parties. Iron law of oligarchy, sociological thesis according to which all organizations, including those committed to democratic ideals and practices, will inevitably succumb to rule by an elite few (an oligarchy).

Ans : 1) Pareto’s principle of Optimality
Explanation : ‘Making someone better without making others worse’ is associated with Pareto’s principle of Optimality because it held that if a change makes at least one individual better without making other in disadvantageous position, the change is desirable.

Ans : 3) Experimentation
Explanation : Traditional Institutionalism approach is the study of formal institutions or government Institutions. New Institutionalism approach focuses on how rules, norms, and cultural constrain affect the actions of individuals involved in the political institution. The fundamental difference between institutionalism and new institutionalism is primarily based on principle of experimentation.

Answer: 3) (A)-(III); (B)-(I); (C)-(IV); (D)-(II)

Explanation:
(A) David Easton – BLACK BOX: His model of the political system describes how inputs (demands) are converted into outputs (policies).

(B) Lucian Pye – DEVELOPMENT SYNDROME: He analyzed different aspects of political development, collectively termed the “development syndrome.”

(C) Samuel P. Huntington – WAVES OF DEMOCRATIZATION: He identified three historical waves of democratization, showing how democracy spreads in phases.

(D) Seymour Martin Lipset – POLITICAL MAN: His book examines the social foundations of democracy and political behavior worldwide.

Answer: 1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Explanation: Nation and nationalism are complex and diverse concepts that vary across historical, cultural, and political contexts. While multiple discourses exist on these topics, no single universal theory can fully define them. Therefore, the assertion (A) is correct, and the reason (R) accurately explains why common theories cannot generalize these concepts.

Ans : 1) Subaltern School
Explanation : ‘New Democracy’ as hegemony of the workers, peasants and other marginalized sections of the society is associated with subaltern school. The Subaltern School is an extension of Marxian thought.

Ans : 2) Second wave
Explanation : Samuel P. Huntington in his book ‘The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century’ analyse the concept of ‘waves of democratization’. In his analysis he placed India into second wave of democracy.

Ans : 1) Rotation of elites
Explanation : Italian sociologist Vilfredo Pareto propagated the theory of the circulation of elites. According to which history is just the story of one elite replacing another.

Ans : (2) (d), (c), (a) and (b)
Explanation :
The American Commonwealth (1888) – James Bryce
Public Opinion and Popular Government (1913) – A. Lawrence Lowell
Modern Democracies (1921) – James Bryce
Constitutional Government and Democracy (1968) – Carl J. Friedrich

Ans : (3) (a), (b), (c) and (d)
Explanation : A welfare state is a state that is committed to providing basic economic security for its citizens by protecting them from market risks associated with old age, unemployment, accidents, and sickness. The term ‘welfare state’ first emerged in the UK during World War II. It has since been used much more broadly to describe systems of social welfare that have developed since the nineteenth century.

Ans : (1) (i) and (ii)
Explanation : – Elite theory of state describes the power relationship in society. It explains that how power is controlled by a minority group which has control over economic resources of the state.
– Vilfredo Pareto, Gaetano Mosca were basically from Italy and Robert Michels was German born Italian sociologist. Together these three are the cofounders of the Italian School of Elitism.
– C Wright Mills was an American sociologist.

Ans : (1) Developed countries
Explanation : According to Gabriel Almond, the political culture of developed countries is homogenous with free, plural, libertarian, rational, modern, traditional and secular outlooks.

Ans : (1) Lucian Pye
Explanation : Aspects of Political Development is written by Lucian Pye in 1966.

Answer: (4) Rule adjudication
Explanation: Political parties perform input functions such as socialization and recruitment, interest articulation, interest aggregation, and political communication. However, rule adjudication is an output function carried out by the judiciary, not political parties.

Ans : (4) S.P. Huntington
Explanation : Political Order in Changing Societies written by S.P. Huntington in 1968.

Answer: (4) Nation and state are co-terminus
Explanation: A state is a legal and political entity with defined territory, sovereignty, government, and population. A nation is a psychological and cultural entity based on shared identity, language, history, or ethnicity. While some nations form states (nation-states), not all nations have states, and not all states are nation-states. Hence, nation and state are not co-terminus (identical).

Ans : (1) Ernest Gellner
Explanation : Nation and Nationalism written by Ernest Gellner in 1983.

Ans : 4) David Easton
Explanation : David Easton has said that, “Political Behaviour stands for both an intellectual tendency and a concrete academic movement”. David Easton started the concept of behaviouralism in the study of political systems.

Ans : 2) Only (i) and (iv)
Explanation : Almond defines Political System as “the system of interactions to be found in all independent societies which performs the function of integration and adaptation both internally and vis-a-vis other societies by means of employment of more or less legitimate compulsion.”

Ans : 2) Regulation of behaviour, Participation in the political system, Allocation of goods and services, Communication and information
Explanation : David Easton described demands and support as inputs in a political system. Demands are aspirations of the people.
According to Easton in political system demands are of four types:
1) Demands for goods and services
2) Demands for the regulation of behaviour
3) Demands for participation in the political system
4) Demands for communication and information

Ans : 1) Thomas Paine
Explanation : Thomas Paine was an English-born American political activist, philosopher, political theorist, and revolutionary. He said “A Constitution is not the act of a Government, but of a people constituting a government and a government without a constitution is a power without right.”

Ans : 2) Only (ii) and (iv)
Explanation : • In Switzerland Federal Councillors can neither be voted out of office by a motion of no confidence nor can they be impeached.
• In USA Joint sessions of congress are presided over by the vice president as president of the Senate.
• Article 86 of the Indian constitution talks about the right of President to address and send messages to Houses. According to this article the President may send messages to either House of Parliament.
• In Britain Prime Minister oversees the operation of the Civil Service and government agencies.

Ans : 3) The political system level, The process level, The policy level
Explanation : According to Powell ‘Political culture’ is a set of the public attitudes, beliefs and feeling toward politics and their role within the political system. He described three level of political culture as political system level, the process level and the policy level.

Ans : 1) Identity, Legitimacy, Penetration, Participation, Integration, Distribution
Explanation : Lucian Pye in his Aspects of Political Development (1966) pointed out six crises in the development of England which are as follows1. Identity 2. Legitimacy 3. Penetration 4. Participation 5. Unification 6. Distribution.

Answer: 1) (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

EXPLANATION:
(A) S.P. HUNTINGTON – POLITICAL DECAY: DESCRIBES INSTABILITY WHEN SOCIAL MODERNIZATION OUTPACES POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS.

(B) R.A. DAHL – POLYARCHICAL DEMOCRACY: REFERS TO A GOVERNANCE MODEL WHERE POWER IS DISTRIBUTED AMONG MULTIPLE ACTORS.

(C) KENNETH BOULDING – POLITICAL SIMULATION: REPRESENTS POLITICS THROUGH MODELS AND SIMULATIONS.

(D) FERNANDO H. CARDOSO – ASSOCIATED-DEVELOPMENT-DEPENDENT: EXPLAINS HOW LATIN AMERICAN ECONOMIES DEVELOP UNDER DEPENDENCY ON EXTERNAL POWERS.

ANSWER: 4. (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)

Explanation : (A) British Political Parties written by Robert Mckenzie in 1955.
(B) Political Parties written by Robert Michels in 1911.
(C) Comparative Government : An Introduction written by Jean Blondel 1995.
(D) Comparative Policies : Quest for Theory written by James Bill and Robert L.
Hardgrave in 1973.

Ans : 2) Only (iii)
Explanation : • Pareto propagated the theory of ‘Circulation of elite’.
• Mosca in his theory of the ruling class emphasized the sociological and
personal characteristics of elites.
• In his book ‘The Power Elite’ Sociologist C. Wright Mills triumvirate power
group consist of corporate, military, and high government agencies.
• Elite theory opposes pluralism.

Ans : 1) Only (i) and (ii)
Explanation : House of Representatives has special power to originate all revenue bills but American Senate has the power to amend them. In Britain, the executive and legislature have a close relationship.
U.S. Constitution does not allow for the dissolution of Congress by the President.

Ans : 3) Right to assembly, Right to bear arms, Right to speedy trial, Right to security against unreasonable searches
Explanation : The Bill of Rights is the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution. It spells out Americans’ rights in relation to their government. It guarantees civil rights and liberties to the individual—like freedom of speech, press, and religion. It sets rules for due process of law and reserves all powers not delegated to the Federal Government to the people or the States. And it
specifies that “the enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.”

Ans : 1) Family and School
Explanation: Political socialization is the process of learning political values, beliefs, and behaviors. Family and school are the primary agents as they shape an individual’s early political attitudes and understanding.

Ans : 1) Consensual party system, Conflictual party system and Accommodative party system
Explanation : According to Lijphart, parties can be Consensual party. system, Conflictual party system and Accommodative party system
. Consensual party system: under this system decisions or policy-making are based on the consensus among the different parties.
. Conflictual party system: parties are antagonists to each other.
. Accommodative party system: under this different parties tries to accommodate each other for policy making or decision making.

Ans : 2) Ruling bureaucracy
Explanation : Type of bureaucracy found in the colonial rule was Ruling bureaucracy.

Ans : 3) Herbert Morrison
Explanation : Herbert Morrison said that, “Bureaucracy is the price of parliamentary democracy.” Hence it is wrong to suggest that in democracy, bureaucracy is misnomer. In fact, democracy cannot do without bureaucracy.

Ans : 3) Switzerland and U.S.A
Explanation : Switzerland and U.S.A have dual citizenship – National and State citizenship.
India and U.K. have no concept of dual citizenship; they have only one citizenship which is National citizenship.

ANSWER: 2) (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
Explanation:

S.M. Lipset – Political Modernization: Linked to urbanization, media growth, and democracy.

J. Ronald Pennock – Building of Democracy: Political growth tied to democratic values.

Edward A. Shills – Operation of Nation-State: Organization of political life in a modern state.

Talcott Parsons – Administrative & Legal Development: Political development tied to legal and administrative order.

Answer – (4) Politics of developing countries
Solution: Structural functionalists argued that all political systems, including Third World systems or developing countries political system, could most fruitfully be studied and compared on the basis of how differing structures performed these functions in the various political system. Structural functionalism is based on a systems model

Answer: (1) German Social Democratic Party
Solution: Iron law of oligarchy a principle of organizational life under which even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals. Coined by the German sociologist Robert Michels in his 1911 monograph Political Parties. As an especially ironic example, he noted that in a fundamentally democratic organization such as his own German Social-Democratic Party (SPD)—just as in the traditional conservative parties—only a few people in executive positions actually held power and made all the important decisions.