The correct answer is:

4. Right to life, liberty, and property

Explanation:

John Locke, in his political philosophy, particularly in his work “Two Treatises of Government”, identified the natural rights of individuals as:

1. Right to life: The right to live and be free from harm.
2. Right to liberty: The right to personal freedom and autonomy.
3. Right to property: The right to own and use property obtained through one’s labor.

Locke argued that these rights are inherent, inalienable, and precede the establishment of any government. Governments exist to protect these natural rights, and any government that fails to do so loses its legitimacy.

The correct answer is:

3. Athens

Explanation:

The earliest and most well-known example of direct democracy is found in ancient Athens, particularly during the 5th century BCE. Athenian democracy was characterized by the active participation of citizens in decision-making processes, where citizens directly voted on laws and policies in assemblies such as the Ecclesia.

Key features of Athenian direct democracy included:

• Equal participation of male citizens in public affairs.
• Use of mechanisms like lot systems to select officials and jurors.
• The absence of a representative system, as decisions were made collectively by the citizens themselves.

While other city-states like Syracuse and Sparta had unique political systems, they did not embody direct democracy. Rome, on the other hand, developed a republican system, which was more representative in nature.

The correct answer is:

3. Plato

Explanation:

The book “Statesman” (or “Politikos”) was written by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. It is one of his later dialogues and is part of a trilogy that includes “Sophist” and “Philosopher” (though the latter was never completed).

In the Statesman, Plato explores themes such as:

• The nature of political leadership.
• The qualities of a true statesman.
• The distinction between different forms of governance.

The dialogue is conducted between Socrates, a Stranger (believed to be from Elea), and a young man named Socrates (not to be confused with the philosopher Socrates). It delves into defining what makes a statesman different from other leaders or rulers.

The correct chronological arrangement of the books of Mahatma Gandhi according to the year of publication is:

2. (B), (A), (D), (C)

Explanation:

1. Hind Swaraj (B):
   • Year of Publication: 1909
   • Written in Gujarati, this book outlines Gandhi’s vision for India’s independence and critiques modern civilization and industrialization.
2. The Story of My Experiments With Truth (A):
   • Year of Publication: 1927
   • Gandhi’s autobiography, where he narrates his life journey and experiments with truth and nonviolence.
3. Satyagraha in South Africa (D):
   • Year of Publication: 1928
   • This book documents Gandhi’s experiences in South Africa and the development of his philosophy of Satyagraha (nonviolent resistance).
4. India of My Dreams (C):
   • Year of Compilation: 1947
   • This is a compilation of Gandhi’s writings and speeches, edited by R.K. Prabhu, outlining his vision for an independent India.

Final Sequence:

(B), (A), (D), (C)

The correct answer is:

3. (A), (C), and (D) only

Explanation:

The collapse of communism and the end of the Cold War were influenced by several key factors:

1. (A) The structural weaknesses of Soviet-style communism:
   • The inefficiencies of central planning, economic stagnation, and lack of political freedoms led to growing dissatisfaction within the Soviet Union and its satellite states. The inability to reform the economy and address internal problems weakened the communist system.
2. (C) The impact of Gorbachev’s reform process:
   • Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms, particularly glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring), aimed at addressing political and economic issues but also unintentionally undermined the authority of the Communist Party. These reforms allowed for greater political freedoms, which led to greater demands for change and eventually contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union.
3. (D) Economic and Cultural Globalization:
   • The growing interconnectedness of the world, particularly through economic and cultural exchanges, contributed to the weakening of Soviet control. The spread of ideas about democracy, capitalism, and individual freedoms from the West influenced public opinion in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, making it difficult for the Soviet regime to maintain its ideological grip.

While (B) The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was a significant factor in weakening the Soviet Union’s position during the Cold War, it was not a primary reason for the collapse of communism or the end of the Cold War. The invasion led to military and economic strains, but the deeper causes were rooted in internal weaknesses and reform efforts.

The correct answer is:

3. Gandhi, Nehru and Tagore

Explanation:

• Thoughts on Pakistan: Written by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, this book discusses the idea of Pakistan and the partition of India. It critiques the idea of a separate Muslim state and reflects his views on the partition.
• Annihilation of Caste: One of Dr. Ambedkar’s most famous works, it critiques the caste system in India and advocates for social reform, specifically for the upliftment of Dalits.
• The Problem of Rupee: Origin and Solution: This book is also authored by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, in which he analyzes the history of the Indian currency system and provides his views on the monetary system of India.
• Gandhi, Nehru and Tagore: This book was not written by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. It was written by Lala Lajpat Rai and critiques the contributions of these key leaders of the Indian independence movement.

Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct chronological arrangement of the events related to the global environment is:

3. (B), (A), (D), (C)

Explanation:

1. Rio Earth Summit (B):
   • Year: 1992
   • The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio Earth Summit, took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It laid the foundation for sustainable development and resulted in the adoption of important documents like the Agenda 21 and the Convention on Biological Diversity.
2. Kyoto Protocol (A):
   • Year: 1997
   • The Kyoto Protocol was an international agreement aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, adopted at the third Conference of the Parties (COP3) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Kyoto, Japan.
3. Johannesburg Summit (D):
   • Year: 2002
   • The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), also called the Johannesburg Summit, was held in South Africa. It built on the commitments made at the Rio Earth Summit, focusing on implementing sustainable development and addressing environmental challenges globally.
4. Copenhagen Summit (C):
   • Year: 2009
   • The Copenhagen Summit (COP15) was a major international climate change conference, aiming to secure a new global climate agreement to limit global warming. However, it faced difficulties and did not result in a legally binding treaty, but it did lead to the Copenhagen Accord.

Thus, the correct sequence is: (B), (A), (D), (C).

The correct answer is:

2. (A) – (III), (B) – (II), (C) – (I), (D) – (IV)

Explanation:

• A. The Republic: Written by Plato. It is a philosophical dialogue concerning justice, the ideal state, and the role of the philosopher-king.
• B. Leviathan: Written by Thomas Hobbes. It addresses the structure of society and legitimate government, advocating for a powerful sovereign to maintain peace and order.
• C. Florentine History: Written by Niccolò Machiavelli. This historical work chronicles the history of Florence, though Machiavelli is also known for his political writings, particularly The Prince.
• D. Two Treatises of Government: Written by John Locke. This work outlines his views on the nature of government and the rights of individuals, including the concepts of natural rights and the separation of powers.

Thus, the correct matching is:
(A) – (III), (B) – (II), (C) – (I), (D) – (IV).

The correct answer is:

1. (A) – (II). (B) – (IV), (C) – (I), (D) – (III)

The correct answer is:

1. (D), (A), (C), (B)

Explanation:

1. (D) Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, USA
   • Year: 1941
   • The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor led the United States to enter World War II.
2. (A) Cuban Missile Crisis
   • Year: 1962
   • A 13-day confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union over Soviet ballistic missiles in Cuba, one of the closest moments to nuclear war.
3. (C) Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) to Sri Lanka
   • Year: 1987
   • The IPKF was deployed to Sri Lanka as part of the Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord to handle the ongoing civil conflict between the Sri Lankan government and Tamil rebels.
4. (B) Kargil War
   • Year: 1999
   • A conflict between India and Pakistan in the Kargil region of Jammu and Kashmir, following the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers into Indian territory.

Thus, the correct chronological order is: (D), (A), (C), (B).

The correct answer is:

3. the recommendation of the Council of Ministers

Explanation:

According to the Constitution of India, the President has the authority to dissolve the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament) based on the recommendation of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. This decision is generally made when the government decides that it is no longer possible to carry on the business of the house, or when the house has completed its term.

• Article 85 of the Constitution grants the President the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of the Council of Ministers.

(C), (B), (A), (D)

(A) and (D) only

The right answer is 4. B,C,D. Book Laws of People is written by Rawls not Pogge

The correct answer is:

3. (A) – (IV), (B) – (III), (C) – (II), (D) – (I)

Explanation:
(A) Thomas Pogge – World Poverty and Human Rights

Correct: Thomas Pogge’s well-known work World Poverty and Human Rights addresses global justice and the moral implications of poverty and human rights in the global order.
(B) Charles Beitz – The Idea of Human Rights

Correct: Charles Beitz is the author of The Idea of Human Rights, in which he explores the nature of human rights and their application in international contexts.
(C) Thomas Nagel – The Possibility of Altruism

Correct: Thomas Nagel’s book The Possibility of Altruism explores the philosophical concept of altruism, questioning the feasibility and moral implications of selfless actions.
(D) David Miller – Principles of Social Justice

Correct: David Miller’s book Principles of Social Justice addresses questions related to justice within societies, focusing on distribution and fairness.
Thus, the correct match is: (A) – (IV), (B) – (III), (C) – (II), (D) – (I).

The correct answer is:

1. Kate Millett

Explanation:

Kate Millett is the author of Sexual Politics, published in 1970. This book is a foundational text in feminist theory and examines the ways in which sex and gender have been historically structured and enforced by political institutions. Millett’s analysis explores the relationship between patriarchy, power, and sexuality.

4. Max Weber

The correct answer is:

1. Montesquieu

Explanation:

Montesquieu, a French political philosopher, wrote The Spirit of Laws (De l’Esprit des Lois) in 1748. This influential work examines the relationship between laws, society, and government, and is considered a foundational text in political science. Montesquieu’s theory of the separation of powers, which he argued should exist between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government, became a key influence on modern constitutional design.

The correct answer is:

2. (A), (C) and (D) only.

Explanation:

1. (A) The President cannot send back a Constitutional amendment bill for recommendation to the Parliament.
   • Correct: According to Article 368 of the Indian Constitution, the President cannot send a constitutional amendment bill back for reconsideration. Once the bill is passed by both Houses of Parliament, it is presented to the President for approval. The President’s role is largely ceremonial in this regard.
2. (B) The Judiciary also have the power to amend the Constitution.
   • Incorrect: The Judiciary does not have the power to amend the Constitution. The power to amend the Constitution lies with the Parliament, as per Article 368, though the Judiciary can interpret the Constitution and decide on its application in cases brought before it.
3. (C) The State legislatures cannot initiate any Bill for amendment of the Constitution.
   • Correct: State legislatures do not have the power to initiate a constitutional amendment bill. Only the Parliament can initiate such bills, although the consent of the states is required for certain amendments.
4. (D) The Parliament cannot amend the ‘basic features’ of the Constitution.
   • Correct: According to the “Basic Structure Doctrine” established by the Supreme Court in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), the Parliament cannot amend the basic features of the Constitution. These features are considered fundamental and cannot be altered by any amendment.

Thus, the correct answer is 2. (A), (C) and (D) only.

The correct answer is:

4. Aristotle

Explanation:

Aristotle famously argued that “man is by nature a political animal” in his work Politics. He believed that humans are inherently social beings and that the state or polis is the natural environment for human beings to achieve their fullest potential. This idea is a cornerstone of Aristotle’s political philosophy, which emphasizes the importance of community and political participation for human flourishing.

1. John Austin

The correct answer is 4. twentieth century.

In the final decades of the twentieth century, Latin America witnessed the rise of a technocratic culture, particularly in economic policymaking. The “techno-boys,” a cohort of European- or American-trained experts in economics or engineering, played a significant role in shaping policies in countries like Chile during this period. This phenomenon was closely associated with neoliberal economic reforms and structural adjustments in the region.

The correct answer is: 3. (A) – (II), (B) – (III), (C) – (I), (D) – (IV).

Here’s the matching:

A. Sarojini Naidu – II. Member of Constituent Assembly
B. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar – III. Chairman of the Drafting Committee
C. Rajendra Prasad – I. President of the Constituent Assembly
D. Motilal Nehru – IV. Prepared a Constitution for India in 1928 (Motilal Nehru chaired the Nehru Report committee that drafted a constitution in 1928).

The correct answer is: 3. Jawaharlal Nehru.

The period of Jawaharlal Nehru’s leadership (1947–1964) is popularly known as the one-party dominant system in Indian politics. During this time, the Indian National Congress dominated the political landscape, winning overwhelming majorities in both the central and state legislatures. This dominance was attributed to Nehru’s leadership, the Congress’s legacy in the independence movement, and its appeal across diverse sections of Indian society.

The correct answer is: 1. Habeas Corpus.

The writ of Habeas Corpus is issued by the Supreme Court or High Courts to address cases of illegal detention or imprisonment. It literally means “to have the body.” Through this writ, the court orders the detaining authority to bring the detained person before the court and justify the grounds for detention. If the detention is found to be unlawful, the court can order the immediate release of the person.

The correct answer is: 2. The Second Five-Year Plan.

Command Capitalism was introduced during India’s Second Five-Year Plan (1956–1961). This plan, under the guidance of economist P.C. Mahalanobis, aimed to focus on industrialization and the growth of heavy industries through state intervention while allowing private sector participation in certain sectors. The government took a leading role in planning and directing economic activities, which gave rise to the concept of “command capitalism” where the state controlled major sectors of the economy but allowed some level of market forces to operate.

4. (A) – (II), (B) – (I), (C) – (IV), (D) – (III) 

The correct answer is: 4. De Tocqueville.

Alexis de Tocqueville described democracy as the “tyranny of the majority” in his work Democracy in America (1835). He warned that in a democratic society, the majority could impose its will on the minority, potentially infringing on individual freedoms and rights. De Tocqueville was concerned that majority rule could lead to the suppression of dissenting views and undermine democratic principles of liberty.

The incorrect statement is: 2. His definition of Hindutva included the faiths that had an origin outside the territorial geography of India.

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar‘s idea of Hindutva was based on a concept that defined India as a Hindu nation, where the primary criterion for national identity was a shared religio-cultural heritage. Savarkar’s definition of Hindutva did not include faiths that originated outside of India. He argued that India’s national identity was intrinsically tied to Hinduism, and he considered Hindutva as a way to define all Indians who adhered to the cultural and religious practices that originated in India.

The other statements correctly reflect Savarkar’s views:

1. Savarkar indeed did not emphasize political nationalism in the Western sense but focused on cultural and religious unity.
2. A common culture was essential to his idea of Hindutva.
3. He identified India in religio-cultural terms, emphasizing the distinct civilizational boundary of India.

The correct answer is: 1. (A) and (C) only

The correct Answer is: 2. (A) – (IV), (B) – (I), (C) – (III), (D) – (II)

The correct answer is: 2. Cynthia Enloe.

Cynthia Enloe is the author of the book Manoeuvres: The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives. In this work, Enloe examines how militarization impacts women’s lives and explores the intersections of gender, politics, and global military strategies.

The correct answer is: 2. 12.

The President of India nominates 12 members to the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) from among individuals who have distinguished themselves in fields such as literature, science, art, social service, and other areas of public life. These nominated members do not represent any political party but are chosen for their expertise and contributions to society.

The correct answer is: 3. Switzerland.

Switzerland is an example of a ‘coming together federation’, where multiple independent states or regions come together voluntarily to form a federation. In this model, the states retain significant autonomy but agree to work together under a central government.

In contrast, countries like Belgium and Spain are examples of ‘holding together federations’, where a central authority holds the country together, often to accommodate different cultural or linguistic groups within a single state.

The correct answer is: 4. Right to active euthanasia.

Article 21 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, and over time, it has been interpreted to include several rights that are essential for the well-being of individuals. Some of these include:

1. Right to livelihood – The right to live with dignity, which includes the right to earn a livelihood.
2. Right against solitary confinement – The Supreme Court has ruled that solitary confinement is cruel, inhuman, and degrading, violating Article 21.
3. Right to freedom from noise pollution – The Supreme Court has interpreted the right to life as including the right to a healthy environment, which involves limiting noise pollution.

However, active euthanasia (the deliberate act of ending a person’s life) is not covered under Article 21. The Supreme Court has permitted passive euthanasia (withdrawing life support in certain cases) under strict guidelines, but active euthanasia is not legally allowed in India.

The correct answer is: 2. (A) (II), (B) – (III), (C) – (I), (D) – (IV)

The correct answer is: 2. Herbert Simon.

Herbert Simon, a prominent political economist and cognitive scientist, conceptualized the idea of ‘bounded rationality’. He argued that while individuals strive to make rational decisions, their ability to do so is limited by the information they have, their cognitive limitations, and the time available for decision-making. This concept challenges the assumption of perfect rationality in traditional economic and decision-making models.

The correct answer is: 1. Direct transfer of LPG Subsidy.

The ‘Pahal Scheme’ (also known as the Direct Benefit Transfer for LPG or DBTL) was launched by the Government of India to transfer the LPG subsidy directly to the bank accounts of beneficiaries. This scheme was aimed at promoting efficiency, reducing leaks, and ensuring that subsidies reach the intended beneficiaries. It encourages people to buy LPG cylinders at market rates and receive subsidies directly into their accounts.

The correct answer is: 2. Second Administrative Reform Commission.

The Second Administrative Reform Commission (ARC), which was set up in 2005, recommended the establishment of a Local Body Ombudsman. This recommendation aimed to strengthen the accountability of local bodies and ensure effective governance at the grassroots level. The Ombudsman would address grievances and complaints regarding the functioning of local bodies, ensuring transparency and responsiveness.

The correct answer is: 1. Popular Sovereignty.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s political philosophy is most famously associated with the concept of popular sovereignty. In his work The Social Contract (1762), Rousseau argued that legitimate political authority comes from the collective will of the people, and that sovereignty should rest with the people, rather than a monarch or centralized state. This idea of popular sovereignty emphasizes that the power of the state should derive from the consent of the governed, and the people have the right to shape the laws and government that govern them.

The correct chronological order of Karl Marx’s writings is:

2. (C), (A), (D), (B).

Explanation of the correct order:

• (C). The German Ideology (written in 1845-46) – This work is one of Marx’s key early works, where he elaborates his theory of historical materialism and critiques the philosophies of German idealists like Hegel.
• (A). The Communist Manifesto (1848) – Co-authored with Friedrich Engels, this pamphlet lays out the principles of communism and calls for the working class to overthrow capitalist societies.
• (D). The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852) – This work analyzes the rise of Louis Bonaparte (Napoleon III) and the political events in France, demonstrating Marx’s analysis of historical events through a materialist lens.
• (B). Critique of Gotha Programme (1875) – This is Marx’s critique of the draft program of the German Workers’ Party, where he critiques the vision of the future socialist state presented in the program.

So, the correct sequence is (C), (A), (D), (B).