Correct Answer: (3) Jawaharlal Nehru
Explanation: Jawaharlal Nehru was the Chairman of the Union Constitution Committee of the Constituent Assembly, responsible for drafting provisions related to the structure and powers of the Union government.

Correct Answer: (2) The President of India
Explanation: Articles 52-62 deal with the President of India, including election, term, impeachment, and powers.

Correct Answer: (4) Thomas Hobbes
Explanation: The state of nature is a key concept in Hobbes’ political theory, describing a pre-political condition of anarchy and chaos, which he argued necessitated a strong sovereign authority.

Correct Answer: (3) Uncontrollable condition
Explanation: Machiavelli’s “fortuna” refers to fate or chance—unpredictable events beyond human control that influence political success or failure.

Correct Answer: (2) Aristotle
Explanation: “Nicomachean Ethics” is a work by Aristotle that explores virtue, happiness, and the good life through ethical philosophy.

4. Human good
For Aristotle, eudaimonia means the highest human good, often translated as “flourishing” or “happiness”, achieved through virtuous living.

3. John Locke
John Locke defined the natural rights of individuals as life, liberty, and estate (property), which later influenced modern liberal democracy.

3. Louis Althusser
Althusser’s Repressive State Apparatus (RSA) refers to institutions like the police, military, and judiciary that enforce state power through coercion.

1. The Modern State
Robert Morrison MacIver wrote “The Modern State”, analyzing the nature, functions, and evolution of the state.

3. The nature of the State in capitalism
The Miliband-Poulantzas debate focused on whether the capitalist state serves the ruling class due to elite control (Miliband) or due to structural constraints (Poulantzas).

1. Plato
Plato’s Theory of Forms suggests that non-material abstract forms (ideals) represent the most accurate reality, beyond the physical world.

2. Karl Marx
Karl Marx’s historical materialism explains history through material (economic) conditions, arguing that class struggle drives societal change.

2. Anarchism
Anarchism advocates for the absence of government and hierarchical authority, promoting self-managed, stateless societies.

4. All of the above
Marx was influenced by German Idealism (Hegel), French Socialism (Saint-Simon, Fourier), and English Political Economy (Adam Smith, Ricardo).

1. Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts
Marx discusses alienation in his 1844 Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts, explaining how capitalism estranges workers from labor, products, and themselves.

4. Non-attachment
For M. K. Gandhi, “Anasakti” means non-attachment, emphasizing selfless action without desire for personal gain, inspired by the Bhagavad Gita.

1. M. K. Gandhi
Gandhi’s “Oceanic Circle” envisions a decentralized society with self-sufficient villages, expanding outward without hierarchical power structures.

3. Sarvodaya
Gandhi’s Sarvodaya (welfare of all) was influenced by John Ruskin’s book Unto This Last, which emphasized economic justice and dignity of labor.

1. B. R. Ambedkar
Ambedkar’s concept of graded inequality explains how the caste system maintains a hierarchical order where oppression is distributed unequally, preventing unity among the oppressed.

3. Eleventh Schedule
The 73rd Amendment Act (1992) added the Eleventh Schedule, listing 29 subjects under Panchayati Raj Institutions.

4. Twelfth Schedule
The Twelfth Schedule (added by the 74th Amendment Act, 1992) deals with municipalities and urban governance, listing 18 functions of urban local bodies.

2. Part III
Part III of the Indian Constitution (Articles 12-35) deals with Fundamental Rights, ensuring civil liberties and protections for individuals.

4. Lloyd Rudolph and Susanne Rudolph
Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph used the term “Bullock Capitalists” to describe rich agrarian farmers who benefited from the Green Revolution in India.

1. Abolition of Slavery
The Thirteenth Amendment (1865) abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States, except as punishment for a crime.

1. U.K. Constitution
Parliamentary Sovereignty is a core principle of the U.K. Constitution, meaning Parliament has supreme legal authority and can make or repeal any law.

4. United Kingdom
The House of Commons is the lower chamber of the U.K. Parliament, responsible for making and passing laws.

2. At least 100 Days
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) guarantees at least 100 days of wage employment per financial year to rural households willing to do unskilled manual work.

3. John Stuart Mill
Mill distinguished between “self-regarding” actions (affecting only the individual) and “other-regarding” actions (affecting others), forming a key principle in his defense of liberty.

Correct Answer: 4. (A)-(IV); (B)-(II); (C)-(I); (D)-(III)
Matching:
(A) Capital → (IV) Karl Marx
(B) Prison Notebooks → (II) Antonio Gramsci
(C) A Theory of Justice → (I) John Rawls
(D) Anarchy, State and Utopia → (III) Robert Nozick

1. Experience
John Locke, an empiricist, argued that knowledge comes from experience through sensory perception and reflection, rejecting innate ideas.

4. Tenth Schedule
The Tenth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, added by the 52nd Amendment Act, 1985, contains provisions related to the Anti-Defection Law to prevent political defections.

2. Niccolò Machiavelli
Machiavelli’s “Discourses on Livy” analyzes the history of the Roman Republic, advocating for republican government and civic virtue.

3. John Stuart Mill
Mill defended individual freedom, especially in “On Liberty”, advocating for minimal state interference unless actions harm others.

2. John Locke
John Locke wrote “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding”, where he developed his empiricist theory, arguing that knowledge comes from experience.

1. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Rousseau, the author of “The Social Contract”, advocated for liberty and popular sovereignty, emphasizing that true freedom comes from collective self-rule.

1. Granville Austin
Granville Austin called the Indian Constitution a “social document”, highlighting its role in achieving social justice and transformation.

There are 8 recognized national parties in India.
1. All India Trinamool Congress (AITC) – AITC is an Indian National political party that was founded in 1998 by Mamata Banerjee. It has formed the present government in West Bengal. It is a breakaway faction of the Indian National Congress. It is the 6th largest political party in India with a total of 19 seats in Lok Sabha.
2. Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) – BSP acquired the status of a National party in 1996. It was formed to represent the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes. It mainly has it’s Base in Uttar Pradesh. It was the second-largest party in the 2019 elections with over 22% of votes.
3. Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP) – BJP was formed in 1980 and is one of the two major parties in India. It is currently the largest party in the country in terms of representation in the Parliament.
4. Indian National Congress (INC) – INC was founded in 1885and is one of the two major political parties in India. It was structured hierarchically by Mahatma Gandhi when he was the party president in1921.
Other recognized national parties of India are the Communist Party Of India (CPI), Communist Party of India (Marxist), National People’s Party (NPP), and the National Congress Party (NCP).

2. Apology
Plato wrote “Apology”, which is a defense speech of Socrates during his trial in Athens.

2. B. R. Ambedkar
John Dewey’s pragmatism and ideas on democracy and education deeply influenced B. R. Ambedkar, who was Dewey’s student at Columbia University.

4. G. A. Cohen
G. A. Cohen defended the “access to advantage” principle, arguing for egalitarian justice where individuals should have genuine access to resources and opportunities.

3. Isaiah Berlin
Isaiah Berlin made the distinction between negative liberty (freedom from interference) and positive liberty (the ability to control one’s own life) in his essay “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958).

2. Politics of Recognition
Charles Taylor is known for his work on the politics of recognition, emphasizing the importance of cultural identity and multiculturalism in democratic societies.

1. Amartya Sen
Amartya Sen developed the Capability Approach, which focuses on individual well-being, freedom, and the real opportunities people have to achieve a good life.

1. Thomas Pogge
Thomas Pogge is known for his work on global justice, emphasizing reducing global poverty and inequality through fair institutional arrangements.

1. Benjamin Constant
Benjamin Constant compared the liberty of the moderns (freedom from interference) with that of the ancients (participation in political life) in his famous essay “The Liberty of the Ancients Compared with that of the Moderns”.

1. Ronald Dworkin
The concept of “rights as trumps” is associated with Ronald Dworkin, who argued that individual rights should take precedence over collective goals or social welfare in certain cases.

3. USA, Canada, and Mexico
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), implemented in 1994, was an agreement between USA, Canada, and Mexico aimed at reducing trade barriers and increasing economic cooperation among the three countries.

4. 27
As of now, the European Union (EU) has 27 member countries. The United Kingdom left the EU in 2020, reducing the number from 28 to 27.

4. Addis Ababa
The headquarters of the African Union (AU) is located in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

1. India
India assumed the Presidency of the U.N. Security Council for the month of August 2021.

4. Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan is the chair of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) for the period 2019-2023.

4. Eight countries
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) comprises eight countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.

3. Power
The core of realism in international relations is power, emphasizing that states act in their national interest to accumulate and maintain power in an anarchic international system.

1. Feminism in International Relations
Ann Tickner is known for her significant contribution to feminism in international relations, challenging traditional theories and emphasizing the role of gender in global politics.

1. Complex interdependence
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye Jr. propagated the term “complex interdependence” in their theory of neoliberal institutionalism, emphasizing the interconnectedness of states and the importance of multiple channels of interaction in global politics.

1. Cold War
Détente was an important concept during the Cold War, referring to the easing of tensions and improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1970s.

2. Non-member observer State
The Palestinian Authority has the status of a Non-member observer State in the United Nations since 2012.

1. Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa
BRICS stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, a group of emerging economies that cooperate on various global issues.

1. 1954
The Panchsheel Agreement between India and China was signed in 1954, focusing on peaceful coexistence and mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity.

3. 360
Article 360 of the Constitution of India contains the provision for Financial Emergency.

2. Two years, eleven months and seventeen days
The Constituent Assembly of India lasted for 2 years, 11 months, and 17 days, from 15th December 1946 to 26th January 1950, during which the Indian Constitution was drafted.

4. All of these
The Indian Parliament comprises The President, Lok Sabha (House of the People), and Rajya Sabha (Council of States).

3. Article 75
Article 75 of the Constitution of India states that “The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.”

4. All of these
The 7th Schedule of the Constitution of India contains the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List, which outline the distribution of legislative powers between the Union and State governments.

4. All of these
The Indus Water Treaty covers the Indus, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Satluj rivers. However, it allocates the waters of the Chenab, Ravi, and Beas to India, and the waters of the Indus and Jhelum to Pakistan.

1. Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement
The India-USA Agreement signed in 2020 is known as the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA), which enhances cooperation in geospatial and satellite data sharing for defense and security purposes.

2. Article 356
The S. R. Bommai v. Union of India judgment (1994) pertained to Article 356, dealing with the imposition of President’s Rule in states. The court ruled that the use of Article 356 should be subjected to judicial review.

1. Centre-State relations
The Sarkaria Commission (1983) was related to Centre-State relations. It was set up to review the working of the Constitution and recommend measures to improve the relationship between the Centre and the States.

1. T. H. Green
T. H. Green linked political obligation and the State, emphasizing that individuals have a moral duty to obey the state, which plays a key role in ensuring the moral and social well-being of citizens.

4. Robert Nozick
Robert Nozick is a libertarian thinker, known for his book “Anarchy, State, and Utopia”, where he argues for a minimal state and emphasizes individual rights and freedoms.

2. John Rawls
John Rawls uses the concept of the “veil of ignorance” in his theory of justice, which suggests that individuals should make decisions as if they do not know their own social status, gender, race, or personal characteristics, to ensure fairness and impartiality.

1. feminism
The slogan “the personal is political” is a key concept in feminism, emphasizing that personal experiences, especially those related to gender, are deeply connected to larger political and social structures.

2. Fairness
According to John Rawls, the most important virtue of justice is fairness. His theory of justice is centered around the “difference principle” and the idea of distributing goods and opportunities in a way that is fair to all, particularly benefiting the least advantaged.

1. Michael Sandel
Michael Sandel is a communitarian thinker who emphasizes the importance of community values, traditions, and social context in shaping individuals’ identities and moral decisions, contrasting with liberal individualism.

3. 1962
The Cuban Missile Crisis took place in 1962, when the United States and the Soviet Union came to the brink of nuclear war over the presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba.