Answer: (3) Woodrow Wilson
Explanation: Woodrow Wilson is associated with liberalism, particularly idealism in international relations, advocating for collective security and international institutions like the League of Nations.

Answer: (3) D, A, B, C
Explanation:
SAARC Agricultural Centre (1988)
SAARC Development Fund (2005)
SAARC Arbitration Council (2005)
South Asian Regional Standards Organisation (2011)

Answer: (2) Myanmar
Explanation: SAARC members are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Myanmar is not a member.

Answer: (3) A, C and D only
Explanation: The Soviet Union collapsed due to structural weaknesses in communism, Gorbachev’s reforms (Perestroika & Glasnost), and the impact of economic and cultural globalization.

Answer: (1) D, A, C, B
Explanation:
Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Indian Peacekeeping Force to Sri Lanka (1987)
Kargil War (1999)

Answer: (3) B and D only
Explanation:
Mumbai Terror Attack (2008) – Incorrect (not 2007)
Parliament Attack (2001) – correct
Pulwama Attack (2019) – Incorrect (not 2014)
Uri Attack (2016) – Correct

Answer: (4) C, B, A, D
Explanation:
United Nations (1945)
Non-Aligned Movement (1961)
ASEAN (1967)
SAARC (1985)

Answer: (3) The highest level of regime instability
Explanation: Latin America has experienced frequent coups, authoritarian regimes, and political instability.

Answer: (4) A, C, B, D
Explanation:
UN Charter approved in San Francisco (1945)
Trygve Lie appointed as first UN Secretary-General (1946)
First UN peacekeeping force sent to Suez Canal (1956)
UNDP established (1965)

Answer: (4) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
Explanation:
Tashkent Agreement (1966)
Shimla Accord (1971)
Indo-US Nuclear Deal (2005)
Ganga Water Sharing Agreement (1996)

Answer: (1) Gunnar Myrdal
Explanation: Myrdal criticized India’s governance and policy inefficiencies in his book Asian Drama.

Answer: (2) The Indus Water Treaty
Explanation: The treaty, signed in 1960, divides river water usage between India and Pakistan but has been a point of dispute.

Answer: (3) Switzerland
Explanation: Switzerland formed as a federation where independent states united while maintaining significant autonomy

Answer: (3) 7th Fleet
Explanation: The U.S. sent its 7th Fleet to pressure India, but it had little impact on the war’s outcome.

Answer: (1) A, B, and D only
Explanation:
Security Council – Yes
Trusteeship Council – Yes
UNESCO – No (It’s a specialized agency, not a principal organ)
ICJ – Yes

Answer: (1) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
Explanation:
An Unwritten Future: Realism and Uncertainty in World Politics – Jonathan Kirshner
The Globalization of World Politics – Baylis, Smith & Owens
Power: A Radical View – Steven Lukes
Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security – Barry Buzan

Answer: (2) A, C, and D only
Explanation:
Realism focuses on power politics and egoism.
Dependency theory is linked with Marxism, not realism.
Statecraft, national interest, and balance of power are key aspects of realism.

Answer: (3) A, B, and C only
Explanation:
SDGs act as the post-2015 development agenda.
They apply to both developed and developing nations.
Based on the UN resolution The Future We Want.
Global civil society is not significantly restricted in SDGs.

Answer: (3) The Hague
Explanation: The ICJ, the principal judicial organ of the UN, is based in The Hague, Netherlands.

Answer: (4) Russia
Explanation: Russia has seen significant population decline due to low birth rates, poor healthcare, and economic instability.

Answer: (1) Bali
Explanation: The first ASEAN Summit was held in Bali, Indonesia, in 1976.

Answer: (3) General Assembly and Security Council
Explanation: The ICJ judges are elected by both the UN General Assembly and the Security Council for a nine-year term, ensuring broad representation.

Answer: (1) New Delhi
Explanation: The South Asian University (SAU), jointly established by the eight SAARC member states, is located in New Delhi, India.

Answer: (2) Nationalization of the Suez Canal
Explanation: While the Suez Crisis of 1956 was a major international event, it was primarily related to decolonization and not directly part of the Cold War.

Answer: (3) Kenneth Waltz
Explanation: Kenneth Waltz introduced the Neorealist (Structural Realist) theory, emphasizing anarchy as the defining feature of international relations.

Answer: (1) Next Steps in Strategic Partnership
Explanation: NSSP was an agreement between India and the US in 2004, aimed at strengthening cooperation in strategic areas, including defense and nuclear energy.

Answer: (3) A is true, but R is false
Explanation: Panchsheel is indeed one of the fundamental principles of India’s foreign policy, but “providing equal space” is not explicitly one of its five principles.

Answer: (4) Greece (1981), Spain (1986), Bulgaria (2007), Croatia (2013)

Answer: (3) UN (1945), NAM (1961), ASEAN (1967), SAARC (1985), EU (1993)

Answer: (2) C and D only
Explanation: Human rights movements can influence state policies (3), and human rights issues are used strategically by states to influence each other (4).

Answer: (4) A-IV (Walker Connor), B-III (Anthony Smith), C-II (Adrian Hastings), D-I (Ernest Gellner)

Answer: (3) A-III (Wilson – General association of nations), B-I (Fukuyama – Triumph of liberalism), C-II (David Held – Regional parliaments), D-IV (Ikenberry – Erosion of sovereignty norms)

Answer: (4) Only A, B, C, and D
Explanation:
Some nations lack states (e.g., Kurds, Palestinians).
Some states lack national identity (e.g., Belgium with Dutch and French populations).
Some nations occupy more than one state (e.g., Koreans in North & South Korea).
Some states contain multiple nations (e.g., India, UK, Canada).

Answer: (1) Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation: Environmental challenges require a stronger sense of citizenship, promoting environmentally responsible behavior.

Answer: (3) Statement 1 is correct, but Statement 2 is incorrect
Explanation:
Thin multiculturalism recognizes some differences within liberal values.
Thick multiculturalism does not assume agreement on liberal values.

Answer: (2) T.H. Marshall
Explanation: He introduced the concept of civil, political, and social rights in citizenship.

Answer: (2) An international organization

Answer: (1) 1947-48, 1965, and 1971

Answer: (1) Hans J. Morgenthau
Explanation: He is one of the founders of classical realism, emphasizing power and national interest.

Answer: (2) 1985
Explanation: SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) was established in December 1985 in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Answer: (3) USA and USSR
Explanation: The Cold War (1947–1991) was a geopolitical struggle between the United States (USA) and the Soviet Union (USSR). Both nations emerged as superpowers after World War II, with conflicting ideologies—capitalism vs. communism.

Answer: (3) To emerge as a regional superpower
Explanation: The Act East Policy, launched in 2014, aims to enhance economic and strategic ties with Indo-Pacific nations. While it boosts India’s strategic position, its primary focus is regional cooperation, not asserting dominance as a superpower.

Answer: (3) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
Explanation:
Geneva Protocol (1925): Prohibits the use of chemical and biological weapons in war.
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (1968): Prevents the spread of nuclear weapons.
ABM Treaty (1972): Limits anti-ballistic missile systems.
SALT II Treaty (1979): Limits strategic nuclear weapons between the USA and USSR.

Answer: (2) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
Explanation:
Machiavelli – The Prince: A guide on political power and realpolitik.
Thucydides – The Peloponnesian War: A historical account emphasizing realism in politics.
Hans J. Morgenthau – Politics Among Nations: A major work in realism, focusing on power politics.
Kenneth Waltz – Theory of International Politics: The foundation of neorealism in international relations.

Answer: (2) E, B, A, D, C
Explanation:
A.Korean War (1950-1953)
B.Suez Crisis (1956)
C.Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
D.Vietnam War (1955-1975, peak in 1960s-70s)
E.Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan (1979)

Answer: (2) Only A, B, C, and D
Explanation:
NAM represented developing countries.
It emerged after WWII during decolonization.
India was a founding member.
Its relevance is debated post-Cold War.
Statement 5 is incorrect because NAM opposed imperialism, not supported it.

Answer: (3) 2008
Explanation: Also known as the 123 Agreement, it allowed India access to US nuclear technology despite being a non-signatory of the NPT.

Answer: (4) Collective security in international relations
Explanation: Wilson’s 14 Points (1918) promoted international cooperation and led to the creation of the League of Nations.

Answer: (4) Collective security in international relations
Explanation: Wilson’s 14 Points (1918) promoted international cooperation and led to the creation of the League of Nations.

Answer: (4) Promote South-South cooperation
Explanation: MDGs focused on poverty reduction, education, gender equality, and health. South-South cooperation (economic collaboration among developing nations) was not a goal.

Answer: (1) Only A, B, C, D
Explanation:
Game theory studies strategic decision-making.
It assumes interdependent choices.
“Best” strategies depend on others’ actions.
Applied to war, diplomacy, and nuclear strategy.
Statement 5 is incorrect because real-life decisions are not always approximated in game theory.

Answer: (3) Louis Althusser
Explanation: Althusser (Marxist philosopher) distinguished Repressive State Apparatus (police, military, etc.) from Ideological State Apparatus (education, media, etc.).

Answer: (4) United Kingdom
Explanation: The UK Parliament has two houses:
House of Commons (Lower House)
House of Lords (Upper House)

Answer: (3) USA, Canada, and Mexico
Explanation: NAFTA was a trade agreement among these three North American countries to eliminate trade barriers.

Answer: (4) 27
Explanation: As of 2023, the EU has 27 members, after the UK left in 2020 (Brexit).

Answer: (4) Addis Ababa
Explanation: The African Union (AU), formed in 2001, has its headquarters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Answer: (1) India
Explanation: The UN Security Council presidency rotates monthly, and India held it in August 2021.

Answer: (4) Azerbaijan
Explanation: Azerbaijan chaired the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) from 2019-2023.

Answer: (4) Eight countries
Explanation: SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) includes:
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives, Afghanistan.

Answer: (3) Power
Explanation: Realism in international relations focuses on power and national interest over morality or cooperation.

Ann Tickner is known for her contribution in
Answer: 1. Feminism in international relations
Explanation: Ann Tickner is a key scholar in feminist international relations theory. She critiques the traditional male-dominated perspectives in IR and advocates for incorporating gender analysis in global politics.

Answer: 1. Complex interdependence
Explanation: Keohane and Nye introduced the concept of “complex interdependence,” which describes the interconnectedness of states in economic, political, and social aspects, reducing the role of military power in some aspects of international relations.

Answer: 1. Cold War
Explanation: Détente refers to the easing of tensions between the US and USSR during the Cold War, particularly in the 1970s, marked by treaties like SALT I and improved diplomatic relations.

Answer: 2. Non-member observer state
Explanation: Palestine was granted “non-member observer state” status in the UN General Assembly in 2012, allowing it to participate in debates but not vote.

Answer: 1. Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa
Explanation: BRICS is an economic alliance of five emerging economies, initially BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China) before South Africa joined in 2010.

Answer: 1. 1954
Explanation: The Panchsheel Agreement was signed in 1954 between India and China to promote peaceful coexistence, emphasizing mutual respect and non-interference.

Answer: 4. All of these
Explanation: The Indus Water Treaty (1960) between India and Pakistan regulates the use of the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab (for Pakistan) and Ravi, Beas, Sutlej (for India).

Answer: 1. Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA)
Explanation: BECA is a defense agreement allowing India access to advanced geospatial intelligence from the US, enhancing military coordination.

Answer: 3. 1962
Explanation: The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in October 1962 when the US discovered Soviet missiles in Cuba, leading to a tense 13-day standoff.

Answer: 1. Particular cultural groups may have distinctive needs
Explanation: Multiculturalism supports the idea that different cultural groups have unique needs that should be acknowledged and accommodated in policies.

Answer: 2. Jawaharlal Nehru
Explanation: Nehru wrote Glimpses of World History as a collection of letters to his daughter Indira Gandhi, explaining world history from a progressive perspective.

Answer: 3. 1871
Explanation: Germany was unified in 1871 under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, following the Franco-Prussian War.

Answer: 4. Treaty of Versailles
Explanation: The Treaty of Versailles (1919) ended World War I and imposed heavy reparations on Germany, contributing to economic difficulties in the interwar period.

Answer: 3. Financial Collapse of 1929
Explanation: The Great Depression was a global economic crisis that began with the stock market crash in 1929, leading to mass unemployment and economic downturn.

Answer: 3. Japan
Explanation: The Meiji Restoration (1868) marked Japan’s transition from feudalism to modernization, industrialization, and centralized imperial rule.

Answer: 1. Perpetual peace
Explanation: The League of Nations was founded in 1920 after World War I, inspired by Woodrow Wilson’s idea of ensuring “perpetual peace” through collective security.

Answer: 4. Cuba, USA, USSR
Explanation: The Cuban Missile Crisis involved Cuba (where Soviet missiles were stationed), the USSR (which provided the missiles), and the USA (which opposed them).

Answer: 2. Strategic Defense Initiative
Explanation: The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), nicknamed “Star Wars,” was a missile defense program launched by US President Ronald Reagan in the 1980s to counter Soviet nuclear threats.

Correct Answer :- 2. All for one, one for all
Explanation: The UN’s collective security system is based on the idea that an act of aggression against one member state is considered an act against all, leading to collective action by all member states, as outlined in Chapter VII of the UN Charter.

Correct Answer :- 4. The UN Charter draws a link between international security and global poverty and development 
Explanation: The UN Charter recognizes that peace and security are linked to economic and social well-being, and thus, development and poverty reduction are integral to maintaining international stability.

Correct Answer :- 2. A, B and C
Explanation: The Westphalian system, emerging from the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, is based on the principles of state sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political autonomy, which form the foundation of the modern nation-state system.

Correct Answer :- 3. States are becoming stronger in some respects and weaker in others as a result of globalization.
Explanation: Transformationalists argue that globalization is restructuring state power rather than simply weakening or strengthening it. States are adapting to global challenges while maintaining influence in new ways.

Correct Answer :- 1. Improving intra-regional connectivity
Explanation: The summit focused on enhancing economic integration, trade, and transport linkages among SAARC nations to strengthen regional cooperation.

Correct Answer :- 3. Karl Marx
Explanation: Postcolonial theorists analyze the effects of colonialism and imperialism. Karl Marx, though influential in political thought, was not a postcolonial theorist. Partha Chatterjee, Sudipta Kaviraj, and Homi K. Bhabha are key figures in postcolonial studies.

Correct Answer :- 1. Rebuilding Western European economics
Explanation: The Marshall Plan (1948) was a U.S. initiative to provide economic aid for the reconstruction of Western Europe after World War II to prevent the spread of communism and promote economic stability.

Correct Answer :- 1. In a more interdependent world, national governments are forced to engage in extensive multilateral collaboration and co-operation simply to achieve domestic objectives.
Explanation: In the post-Westphalian era, globalization and interdependence have reduced absolute state autonomy, compelling governments to collaborate on global issues such as trade, climate change, and security.

Correct Answer :- 4. Nepal
Explanation: The Kalapani region (Uttarakhand) and Susta (Bihar) are disputed territories between India and Nepal due to differing interpretations of historical treaties like the Sugauli Treaty (1815).

Correct Answer :- 4. IMF and World Bank
Explanation: Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) were introduced by the IMF and World Bank in the 1980s to help struggling economies by imposing economic liberalization policies, including privatization, deregulation, and fiscal austerity.

Correct Answer: 3. Classical Realism
Explanation: Hans J. Morgenthau is one of the founding figures of Classical Realism in international relations. His book Politics Among Nations (1948) laid the foundation for realist thought, emphasizing power politics, human nature, and the anarchic structure of international relations. Classical realism focuses on human nature as the root cause of conflict, unlike structural realism (or neorealism), which emphasizes the international system.

Correct Answer: 1. Survival and self-help
Explanation: Realist theory is built on the anarchical nature of the international system, where there is no central authority. States must ensure their own survival through power and military strength. The idea of self-help means that states cannot rely on international institutions or other states for their security.

Correct Answer: 4. Political economy
Explanation: Neoliberal institutionalism, as advocated by scholars like Robert Keohane, emphasizes the role of international institutions in facilitating cooperation among states. While security remains important, political economy (economic interdependence, trade, and global markets) is a primary concern because economic cooperation reduces the likelihood of conflicts.

Correct Answer: 3. Constructivism
Explanation: Alexander Wendt is a leading scholar of Constructivism, which argues that international relations are socially constructed through ideas, identities, and norms, rather than just material power. Wendt famously stated, “Anarchy is what states make of it,” meaning that the behavior of states depends on how they interpret international politics.

Correct Answer: 1. J. Ann Tickner
Explanation: J. Ann Tickner challenged Morgenthau’s classical realist ideas from a feminist perspective. She argued that international politics is shaped by gendered assumptions, with traditional realism ignoring the role of cooperation, morality, and gender-based power dynamics.

Correct answer: 1. JD Vance

Correct Answer: 4. Sun Tzu
Explanation: The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military treatise written by Sun Tzu, a Chinese general and strategist. It provides lessons on military strategy, deception, and psychological warfare.

Correct Answer: 4. António Guterres
Explanation: António Guterres, from Portugal, became the 9th Secretary-General of the UN on January 1, 2017. He was re-elected for a second term in 2021.

Correct Answer: 3.  2.0°C (Ideally aiming for 1.5°C)

Explanation: The Paris Agreement (2015) under the UNFCCC aims to keep global temperature rise well below 2.0°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C, to avoid catastrophic climate change.

Correct Answer: 1. English and French
Explanation: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) recognizes English and French as its two official languages for communication and documentation.

Correct Answer: 4. None of these
Explanation: Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Turkey are not members of the SCO. The SCO members are China, Russia, India, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan.

Correct Answer: 3. 31 January 2020
Explanation: The UK officially left the European Union (Brexit) on January 31, 2020, following the 2016 referendum.