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Answer: (b) The nationalization of the Suez Canal.

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Answer: (c) Humanist or Shallow Ecology

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The correct answer is: Statement I, II, and III are correct.

The correct answer is: Protecting the forests and the environment.

The correct answer is: Protecting the environment and the river Narmada.

The correct answer is: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

The correct answer is: Russia.

The correct answer is: To monitor nuclear weapon tests around the world.

The correct answer is: World Bank.

The correct combination is I, III, and IV, which corresponds to:
B. I, III, and IV.

The correct answer is: A. Fred Riggs.

Explanation:

Fred W. Riggs is well-known for his ecological approach to public administration. He emphasized the importance of understanding the interaction between administrative systems and their environments. His “prismatic model” and studies on the interrelationship between societal context and administrative behavior highlighted this ecological perspective.

The other options:

• Chris Argyris is associated with organizational development and behavioral theories.
• Woodrow Wilson is regarded as the father of public administration but did not specifically develop the ecological approach.
• Henry Taylor is not prominently associated with the ecological approach in public administration.

The correct answer is: 1. RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership).

The correct answer is: 4. China, Bhutan, and India.

Explanation:

The Doklam issue refers to a territorial dispute between China and Bhutan, with India involved as a third party. The conflict arose in 2017 when Chinese troops began constructing a road in the Doklam plateau, a region claimed by both China and Bhutan.

India intervened because the plateau is close to the Siliguri Corridor (or “Chicken’s Neck”), a strategic narrow strip of land connecting mainland India to its northeastern states. India supported Bhutan’s claims and opposed China’s road construction due to its security concerns.

Thus, the dispute primarily involves China, Bhutan, and India.

The correct answer is: 2. Israel and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

Explanation:

In 2020, under the initiative of the United States, Israel and the UAE signed the Abraham Accords, a historic peace agreement that normalized diplomatic relations between the two countries. This was a significant step in fostering peace and cooperation in the Middle East.

Additionally, Bahrain also joined the Abraham Accords later. These agreements marked a shift in the geopolitical dynamics of the region, promoting trade, tourism, and other forms of collaboration between Israel and Arab nations.

The other options:

• 1. Israel and Iran: No peace agreement exists between Israel and Iran. They remain adversaries.
• 3. Saudi Arabia and Israel: While there have been informal contacts, no official peace agreement has been signed.
• 4. Israel and Egypt: The peace agreement between Israel and Egypt was signed in 1979, not 2020.

The correct answer is: 2. It advocates equal respect and equal treatment of all religions.

Explanation:

Dharmanirpeksheta is a term that refers to the concept of religious neutrality or religion-neutrality. It was advocated by Mahatma Gandhi and is an important principle in the Indian context, particularly in relation to the state’s role in religion.

• Option 1: It advocates an areligious society.
  This is incorrect. Dharmanirpeksheta does not mean an absence of religion. It emphasizes religious tolerance and equal respect for all religions, but it does not advocate for a society without religion.
• Option 2: It advocates equal respect and equal treatment of all religions.
  This is correct. Dharmanirpeksheta promotes the idea that the state or society should respect and treat all religions equally, without favoring one over the other.
• Option 3: It advocates non-discrimination on the basis of religion.
  This is partially correct, as dharmanirpeksheta does promote non-discrimination based on religion, but it is more about equal respect and treatment of all religions, rather than simply non-discrimination.
• Option 4: It advocates the merger of religion and politics.
  This is incorrect. Dharmanirpeksheta does not advocate the merger of religion and politics but calls for the separation of religious identity from political governance, ensuring that the state does not favor any particular religion.

Thus, Option 2 most accurately reflects the essence of dharmanirpeksheta.

The correct answer is: 1. The bill requires the prior approval of the President of India and consultation of the state(s) being affected.

Explanation:

The State Reorganization Bill in India, which deals with the creation, alteration, or reorganization of states, requires:

• Prior approval of the President of India (as per Article 3 of the Constitution).
• Consultation with the state(s) being affected (though not necessarily consent, the views of the affected states are sought).

This process ensures that any changes to state boundaries or governance are done with the involvement of the President and consultations with the relevant states.

The other options are incorrect:

• 2: The bill requires both presidential approval and consultation, not just the prior approval of the President.
• 3: It is not merely about consultation; presidential approval is also required.
• 4: The bill does not require a two-thirds majority of either house of Parliament to pass; it requires a simple majority.

The correct answer is: 1. A person cannot be punished twice for committing the same crime.

Explanation:

Double jeopardy is a legal principle that protects an individual from being tried or punished more than once for the same offense. In the context of India’s penal system, this principle is enshrined under Article 20(2) of the Indian Constitution, which states:

• “No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once.”

This means that once a person has been acquitted or convicted for a particular crime, they cannot be tried or punished again for the same crime.

Why the other options are incorrect:

• Option 2: This is incorrect because the principle of double jeopardy specifically prevents being punished twice for the same crime.
• Option 3: This is incorrect as it violates the principle of double jeopardy; a person cannot be tried twice for the same offense once they have been acquitted or convicted.
• Option 4: This is incorrect as the law does not allow multiple punishments for the same offense.

The correct answer is: 2. Both the Supreme Court and High Courts can hear and decide on writ petitions.

Explanation:

Under Article 32 and Article 226 of the Indian Constitution:

• Article 32 gives the Supreme Court the power to issue writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights.
• Article 226 gives High Courts the power to issue writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights or for any other purpose within their jurisdiction.

Thus, both the Supreme Court and High Courts have the jurisdiction to hear writ petitions.

Why the other options are incorrect:

• Option 1: This is incorrect because both the Supreme Court and High Courts have the power to hear writ petitions.
• Option 3: Administrative Tribunals can adjudicate matters related to administrative issues, but they do not have the power to issue writs like the Supreme Court or High Courts.
• Option 4: Military Courts do not have the authority to hear and decide on writ petitions. Only the Supreme Court and High Courts have this power.

The correct answer is: 2. UK

Explanation:

The statement “Constitution is what the Parliament enacts” is most valid in the case of the United Kingdom (UK). The UK has an unwritten constitution (or an uncodified constitution), meaning its constitution is formed by statutes (laws passed by Parliament), conventions, judicial decisions, and other sources. In the UK, Parliament has the supreme power to make or amend laws, including constitutional laws, which means that the constitution can be changed by ordinary legislation enacted by Parliament.

Why the other options are incorrect:

• 1. USA: The US has a written constitution (the Constitution of the United States), which is a supreme document that can only be amended through a formal process, not by ordinary legislation enacted by Congress.
• 3. India: India’s constitution is a written document that cannot be altered by ordinary parliamentary legislation. Amendments are possible, but they require a special process as per Article 368 of the Indian Constitution.
• 4. France: France also has a written constitution (the Constitution of the Fifth Republic), which cannot be changed by ordinary legislation and requires a special procedure for amendments.

Thus, the idea that Parliament enacts the constitution is most applicable to the UK.

The correct answer is: 1. Old Institutionalism

Explanation:

Old Institutionalism in political science focuses on the formal structures of political institutions (like legislatures, executives, and courts) and their roles within political systems. The features you mentioned — legalism, structuralism, and normative analysis — are central to Old Institutionalism. It emphasizes the study of institutions as fixed entities and often relies on legal and structural frameworks to understand political processes, along with a normative approach to assessing the role of these institutions in society.

Why the other options are incorrect:

• 2. Discourse analysis: This method focuses on understanding the meanings and implications of language in political discourse and does not primarily focus on legalism, structuralism, or normative analysis.
• 3. Behaviorism: Behavioralism in political science is focused on the study of individuals’ behavior and attitudes, using empirical data and scientific methods. It emphasizes analysis based on human actions rather than legal or structural considerations.
• 4. Rational Choice Perspective: This approach in political science focuses on decision-making by individuals or groups based on cost-benefit analysis and self-interest. It doesn’t primarily involve legalism, structuralism, or normative analysis.

Thus, Old Institutionalism is the correct answer.