Correct answer: (3) 34
Explanation:
Kautilya’s Arthashastra mentions 34 departments of the government, each responsible for different aspects of administration, including finance, defense, trade, agriculture, and law enforcement. These departments were crucial for the efficient governance of the Mauryan Empire.

Correct answer: (3) Hegel
Explanation:
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel admired Machiavelli’s The Prince, considering it a great and true conception of a real political genius with a high and noble purpose. Hegel saw Machiavelli as a realist who understood the necessity of power and strong leadership for the stability of the state.

Correct answer: (3) W.T. Bluhm
Explanation:
W.T. Bluhm defined political theory as an abstract model of the political order, emphasizing its role in conceptualizing and analyzing political structures, institutions, and processes systematically.

Correct answer: (4) Behavioural theory is not specially concerned with the Anglo-American model.
Explanation:
Behavioral political theory primarily emerged in the Anglo-American tradition, especially in the United States, focusing on empirical, scientific, and quantitative methods. It was heavily influenced by American political science and social sciences, making statement (4) incorrect.

Correct answer: (4) (d), (c), (b), (a)
Explanation (Chronological Order of Publications):
(d) The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations – 1963 (by Gabriel Almond & Sidney Verba)
(c) The End of History and the Last Man – 1992 (by Francis Fukuyama)
(b) Democratisation: Theory and Practice – 1999 (by Geoffrey Pridham)
(a) Comparative Federalism – 2005 (by Michael Burgess)
Thus, the correct chronological order is:
(d) → (c) → (b) → (a)

Correct answer: (2) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
Matching the movements with their leaders:
India Against Corruption → (iii) Anna Hazare
Narmada Bachao Andolan → (iv) Medha Patkar
Right to Information Movement → (i) Aruna Roy
Bhartiya Kisan Union → (ii) Mahendra Singh Tikait
Thus, the correct matching order is: (iii) (iv) (i) (ii).

Correct answer: (4) (c) only
Explanation:
Plato’s Theory of Forms states that ideas (or Forms) are real, independent, universal, and the true essence of things. However, they are not mere reflections of things—instead, the physical world reflects the Forms. Therefore, statement (c) “Ideas are reflections of things” is incorrect.

Correct answer: (3) Inspector of coins
Explanation:
In Arthashastra, “Rupadarshak” refers to the Inspector of Coins, who was responsible for checking the quality and authenticity of currency to prevent counterfeiting and ensure proper coinage standards in the Mauryan administration.

Correct answer: (4) All the above
Explanation:
Plato’s philosophy was influenced by:
Heraclitus (belief in constant change in the physical world).
Parmenides (idea of an eternal, unchanging reality, which influenced Plato’s Theory of Forms).
Socrates (ethical philosophy and dialectical method).
Thus, Plato appropriated ideas from all three thinkers.

Correct answer: 2) iii – i – iv – ii
Explanation:
Beitz → (iii) On Global Justice (Charles Beitz argued for global distributive justice).
Gauthier → (i) Justice as mutual advantage (David Gauthier’s contractarian approach focuses on mutual advantage).
Dworkin → (iv) On equality (Ronald Dworkin’s work emphasizes equality, especially resource-based equality).
Nozick → (ii) Entitlement Theory of Justice (Robert Nozick’s theory opposes redistribution and focuses on entitlements).

Correct answer: 3) Jean Blondel
Explanation: Jean Blondel was a political scientist known for empirical and comparative politics, not for discussing the decline of political theory. The decline debate is mainly associated with Peter Laslett (historicism), David Easton (behavioralism), and others who criticized traditional political theory.

Correct answer: 1) J. S. Mill
Explanation: This quote is from John Stuart Mill’s book On Liberty (1859), where he argues for individual freedom and the principle of self-sovereignty over one’s body and mind.

Correct answer: 4) The Timaeus
Explanation:
In The Timaeus, Plato discusses the nature of the ultimate reality, including the theory of forms, cosmology, and the creation of the universe by the Demiurge.

(3) Aristotle
Explanation:
After the death of Alexander the Great, Aristotle faced growing hostility in Athens due to his ties with Macedon. To avoid meeting the same fate as Socrates, he fled to Chalcis (Euboea), saying he left “in order that the Athenians might not commit a second crime against philosophy.”

Correct answer: 1) The contemporary Prussian State
Explanation:
Hegel viewed the Prussian State as the highest realization of absolute spirit in social and political life, embodying rational freedom and ethical life (Sittlichkeit).

The correct answer is: 1) Moderate behaviour
Explanation:
Machiavelli advised The Prince to balance cruelty and kindness, generosity and miserliness, and to act in a pragmatic and moderate way to maintain power and stability. He emphasized adaptability based on circumstances rather than extreme behavior.

Correct answer: 2) A well-focused mental look
Explanation:
The word ‘theory’ comes from the Greek ‘Theoria’, which means contemplation, speculation, or a focused way of seeing and understanding something intellectually.

Correct answer: 4) All of the above
Explanation:
All three—Le Bon, Baldwin, and Graham Wallas—have given psychological explanations of political problems:
Le Bon: Studied crowd psychology in politics.
James Mark Baldwin: Explored social and political psychology.
Graham Wallas: Advocated for applying psychology to political analysis.

Correct answer: 4) Science of Logic
Explanation: Science of Logic was written by G.W.F. Hegel, not Karl Marx. The other three—German Ideology, Critique of the Gotha Programme, and Paris Manuscripts—were authored by Marx.

Correct answer: 1) Structural functionalism
Explanation:
Rajni Kothari’s Politics in India applies structural functionalism to analyze India’s political system, examining institutions, processes, and their interrelations within society.

Correct answer: 3) Hobbes
Explanation:
Thomas Hobbes deliberately ignored Aristotle and rejected his teleological approach to politics. Unlike Aristotle, who viewed humans as political animals seeking the common good, Hobbes argued in Leviathan that human nature is driven by self-interest and the need for security, leading to the necessity of an absolute sovereign.

Correct answer: 2) Ethics
Explanation: Ethics deals with morality and formulates rules that should guide human behavior in society. It focuses on concepts like right and wrong, justice, and moral duty.

Correct answer: 1) Bosanquet
Explanation: Bernard Bosanquet synthesized German idealism (influenced by Hegel) with English liberalism, emphasizing the role of the state in achieving ethical life (Sittlichkeit). He viewed the state as a moral institution that helps individuals realize their true potential.

The correct answer is 2) Norman Angell.

Explanation:
Norman Angell was not a theorist of Political Realism. Instead, he was a liberal idealist who argued that economic interdependence among nations made war unprofitable and irrational. His book, The Great Illusion (1909), suggested that military conquest would not bring real economic benefits in the modern world. This idea aligns with liberalism, which emphasizes cooperation and peace rather than the power struggles central to realism.

In contrast, political realists like Thucydides, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Morgenthau, and Waltz focus on power, national interest, and the inevitability of conflict in international relations.

Correct answer: 4) Catlin
Explanation: George Catlin defined political science as “the study of the act of human and social control” or the “study of control relationships of wills.” He emphasized politics as the study of power and authority in human interactions.

Correct answer is 1) Sociology.
Explanation:
Sociology is considered the parent science of all social sciences because it studies human society, social behavior, and institutions, which form the foundation for other social sciences like Political Science, Economics, Anthropology, and Psychology. It provides a broad framework to understand how societies function and evolve.

Correct answer: 3) Political Science
Explanation: Ethics is prior to Political Science because it deals with moral principles that guide human behavior, while Political Science focuses on governance, power, and statecraft. Ethical considerations often shape political ideologies and policies.

Correct answer: 4) Power instead of the state
Explanation: Guild and Palmer argued that politics should focus on power rather than just the state, emphasizing the role of authority, influence, and decision-making in political analysis.

Correct answer: 1) Anthropology
Explanation: Political scientists have borrowed concepts like cultural relativism, social evolution, and cultural diffusion from Anthropology, which studies human cultures, societies, and their development.

Correct answer: 3) Historical theory
Explanation: Liberalism accepts the historical theory of the state’s origin, which suggests that the state evolved gradually over time due to social and economic developments, rather than being created through force or class struggle.

Correct answer: 3) Bryce
Explanation: James Bryce emphasized that politics has its roots in psychology, particularly in the mental habits and vocational activities of people. He studied political behavior and public opinion, highlighting the role of psychology in political science.

Correct answer: 3) Commodities, human beings
Explanation: Ivor Brown pointed out that economics deals mainly with commodities (goods, services, and wealth), while politics is concerned with human beings (their governance, rights, and responsibilities).

Correct answer: 2) Practical politics
Explanation: Kautilya’s Arthashastra is a comprehensive treatise on statecraft, governance, and practical politics. It covers diplomacy, military strategy, economics, and administration, making it one of the earliest works on political science.

Correct answer: 3) Paul Janet
Explanation: Paul Janet defined politics as “that part of social science which treats of the foundations of the state and the principles of government.” His definition emphasizes the study of state structures and governance.

Correct answer: 2) Karl Marx
Explanation: Karl Marx’s theory of historical materialism states that material conditions (economic structures) shape human consciousness, not the other way around. This idea is central to Marxist thought, emphasizing the primacy of economic factors in shaping society.

Correct answer: 3) Red world
Explanation: Socialist states, based on Marxian ideology, are commonly referred to as the “Red World” because red symbolizes revolution, communism, and socialism, as seen in the flags of many socialist countries.

Correct answer: 2) Marxist view
Explanation: The Marxist view argues that the state originated with class division and class struggle in society. According to Marx, the state is an instrument of the ruling class used to maintain control over the oppressed classes.

Correct answer: 2) Worked for the common good
Explanation: Auguste Comte, the Father of Modern Sociology, viewed society as an ordered and harmonious structure where all social classes should function together for the common good rather than for individual or capitalist interests.

Correct answer: 4) Pluralism – Kropotkin
Explanation: Peter Kropotkin was an anarchist, not a pluralist. Pluralism is associated with thinkers like Harold Laski and G.D.H. Cole, while Kropotkin advocated for anarcho-communism and the abolition of the state.

Correct answer: 3) Gramsci
Explanation: Antonio Gramsci developed the concept of hegemony, which refers to the dominance of one class over others, not just through force but through cultural and ideological means. He emphasized the role of intellectual and moral leadership in maintaining class rule.

Correct answer: 1) Morgenthau
Explanation: Hans Morgenthau, a key thinker in political realism, defined politics as a struggle for power. In his book Politics Among Nations, he argued that power is the central element in international relations and political behavior.

Correct answer: 3) Sub-Saharan Africa
Explanation: In 1989, the World Bank introduced the concept of “Governance” in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa, highlighting issues like corruption, inefficiency, and lack of accountability as major obstacles to development in the region.

Correct answer: 3) Observational method
Explanation: Lord James Bryce is known for using the observational method in political science. He analyzed political institutions and systems based on direct observation, particularly in his works like The American Commonwealth.

Correct Answer: 1) Weber
Explanation:
Max Weber, a German sociologist and political economist, stated that Kautilya’s Arthashastra exemplified radical Machiavellianism, and in comparison, Machiavelli’s The Prince appears harmless.
This suggests that Kautilya’s political strategies were even more pragmatic, ruthless, and detailed in statecraft and power politics than Machiavelli’s ideas. 

Correct answer: 2) Polis, Polity, Politeia
Explanation:
The English word “politics” comes from the Greek words:
Polis (city-state)
Polity (organized society or government)
Politeia (constitution or system of government)
These concepts were central to Greek political thought, especially in Aristotle’s works.

Correct answer: 3) Backward
Explanation: Henry Thomas Buckle argued that politics, in its current state of knowledge, is not yet a science but rather the most backward of all arts, emphasizing its lack of systematic and scientific principles.

Correct answer: 4) History
Explanation: Stephen Leacock stated that without at least an unconscious political science, history would lose its main significance. This means that understanding politics is essential to making sense of historical events and developments.

Correct answer: 2) Oligarchical Structures
Explanation: Robert Michels formulated the “Iron Law of Oligarchy,” arguing that even democratic parties and organizations tend to become oligarchical, where a small elite group holds power over the masses.

The correct answer is 4) Karl Marx.
This phrase appears in the Rules of the First International (International Workingmen’s Association), which Marx helped draft. It emphasizes the idea that the working class must achieve its own liberation without relying on external forces.

Correct answer: 4) All of the above
Explanation:
All three—Catlin, Kaplan, and Lasswell—are advocates of the power theory in politics:
George Catlin: Emphasized power as the central concept in political science.
Morton Kaplan: Worked on systems theory in international relations, where power plays a key role.
Harold Lasswell: Defined politics as “who gets what, when, and how,” focusing on power dynamics in society.

Correct answer: 4) I, II, and IV
Explanation:
The key elements of Liberalism include:
I. Individuals should have the right to develop their own personality (emphasis on personal freedom).
II. Man is a rational creature (liberalism believes in reason and logic).
IV. It believes in constitutionalism (government should be limited by law).
III. “Society should not be plural” is incorrect, as liberalism supports pluralism and diversity in society.

Correct answer: 1) 1889
Explanation: Pandita Ramabai established Sharda Sadan (Home for Learning) in 1889 in Mumbai. It was a shelter and educational institution for widowed and destitute women, promoting their empowerment through education.

Correct answer: 4) Economic equality
Explanation: Liberalism supports legal, political, and social equality, but it does not fully endorse economic equality. Instead, liberals emphasize equality of opportunity rather than equality of outcome, allowing for differences in wealth based on individual effort and market dynamics.

Correct answer: 3) Francis Fukuyama
Explanation: Francis Fukuyama presented the “End of History” thesis in his 1989 essay and later in his book The End of History and the Last Man (1992). He argued that Western liberal democracy represents the final stage of mankind’s ideological evolution.

Correct answer: 1) Karl Marx
Explanation: Karl Marx is credited with providing the general theory of socialism, particularly through his works like The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital. He formulated scientific socialism, emphasizing class struggle, historical materialism, and the role of the proletariat in overthrowing capitalism.

Correct Answer: 3) He is credited with being the founder of nitishastra tradition
Explanation:
Kautilya (Chanakya) was a pioneer in political economy and statecraft, making political economy an independent subject (Statement 1 is correct).
His Arthashastra provides a practical guide to governance, administration, and diplomacy (Statement 2 is correct).
He emphasized the need for strong political control and a well-organized state (Statement 4 is correct).
However, Kautilya did not found the Nitishastra (ethical teachings) tradition; it existed in earlier Hindu scriptures like the Dharmashastras and Manusmriti (Statement 3 is incorrect).

Correct answer: 1) Plato
Explanation:
The Theory of Forms and the Allegory of the Cave are key concepts in Plato’s philosophy, found in his work “The Republic.”
The Theory of Forms suggests that the material world is just a shadow of a higher, perfect reality.
The Allegory of the Cave illustrates how people are trapped in ignorance and need philosophical enlightenment to see the truth.

Correct answer: 4) Nitishastra
Explanation:
The Arthashastra, authored by Kautilya (Chanakya), is classified as a Nitishastra, which refers to a treatise on political ethics, governance, and statecraft. It covers topics such as administration, diplomacy, war strategy, economics, and law, making it one of the earliest and most comprehensive texts on governance.

Correct answer: 4) Being a Sanskrit scholar
Explanation: Pandita Ramabai was given the title ‘Pandita‘ due to her mastery of Sanskrit and deep knowledge of Hindu scriptures. She was a scholar, social reformer, and advocate for women’s education and rights in India.

Correct Answer: 2) John Locke
Explanation:
John Locke, in his work “Two Treatises of Government”, defined civil power as the right of making laws with penalties for regulating and preserving property and employing the force of the community for the execution of such laws, all for the public good.
This aligns with Locke’s liberal political philosophy, where he emphasized the social contract, natural rights (life, liberty, and property), and the role of government in protecting individual freedoms.

Thus, the correct answer is John Locke (Option 2).

Correct Answer: 2) A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I
Explanation:
Kautilya, in his Arthashastra, compared the organs of the state to human body parts to emphasize their functions:
Amatya (Minister) → Eyes (II) (Advisor who observes and strategizes)
Suhrid (Friend/Ally) → Ears (IV) (Listens and gives counsel)
Durga (Fort/Defense) → Shoulders/Arms (III) (Provides strength and protection)
Kosh (Treasury) → Mouth (I) (Economic sustenance, enables functioning)

Correct Answer: 4) I, II, III, and IV
Explanation:
Plato’s theory of education was designed to create a just society by educating individuals based on their abilities. The key features include:
1. Education as a means of social righteousness and realization of truth.
2. Elementary education begins in childhood and lasts until the age of six.
3. A public test at the age of twenty to determine the next phase of education.
4. A second selective test at the age of thirty for further specialization, leading towards the philosopher-king stage.
Thus, all four statements are correct. 

Correct answer is 2) Dunning.
Explanation:
W.A. Dunning, a historian of political thought, stated that Plato’s Republic is a utopia not because it is a romance but because Plato intended it to be the start of a scientific attack upon the idea of the good.
This interpretation highlights that Plato was not merely creating an imaginary perfect state but was systematically exploring the nature of justice and the ideal state.

Correct Answer: 4) One man one work, one class one duty
Explanation:
Plato’s concept of justice, as outlined in The Republic, is based on the principle of specialization. He argues that justice exists when each individual performs the role suited to their nature and does not interfere in the roles of others.
This means:
Producers (farmers, artisans) should focus on production.
Warriors (auxiliaries) should defend the state.
Rulers (philosopher-kings) should govern.
Thus, justice is achieved when everyone does their designated work without interfering in others’ duties.

The correct answer is: 2) IV – III – I – II
So the correct matching is:
A) A Alblaster → IV. Democracy
B) CB Macpherson → III. The Real World of Democracy
C) C Pateman → I. Participation and Democratic Theory
D) D Held → II. Models of Democracy

Correct Answer: 1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Kautilya (Arthashastra) strongly advocated the need for a powerful ruler to maintain law and order. He believed that anarchy (Matsyanyaya – “law of the fish”) leads to chaos, where the strong exploit the weak.
Thus, a strong ruler is necessary to establish order and prevent anarchy, making Reason (R) the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

The correct answer is: 4) All of the above
Plato describes the working of the human mind through:
The Allegory of the Cave (illustrates perception and enlightenment)
The Metaphor of the Divided Line (explains levels of knowledge)
The Doctrine of Forms (describes the world of ideas and reality)
All these concepts together explain Plato’s theory of knowledge and reality.

Correct Answer: 2) Antisthenes – The notion of absolute asceticism and rigorous self-mortification
Explanation:
Plato’s Theory of Ideas (Forms) was influenced by:
Heracleitus → Idea of constant change (Sphere of Becoming).
Socrates → Conceptual knowledge and definitions.
Eleatics (Parmenides, Zeno) → Idea of an unchanging absolute reality (Sphere of Being).
However, Antisthenes (a Cynic philosopher) focused on asceticism and self-mortification, which is unrelated to Plato’s Theory of Ideas. Hence, option 2 is incorrect.

Correct Answer: 3) Varna system
Explanation:
Kautilya’s Saptanga (Seven Limbs) Theory of the state includes:
Swami (King/Ruler)
Amatya (Ministers)
Janapada (Territory & Population)
Durga (Fort)
Kosha (Treasury)
Danda (Army/Law & Order)
Mitra (Allies/Friends)
The Varna system (caste system) was a social structure, not an organ of the state in Kautilya’s theory. Hence, option 3 is incorrect.

Correct Answer: 4) Only II (Sparta)
Explanation:
Plato’s communism of family and property was largely inspired by the Spartan way of life. In Sparta, the ruling class (Spartiates) lived a highly regulated and communal life. Private property was minimized, and the family structure was subordinated to the needs of the state.

Plato admired Spartan discipline, collective upbringing, and communal ownership for the guardian class in his Republic. This influenced his idea that rulers (philosopher-kings and guardians) should not have private families or property, as personal attachments could lead to corruption.

Hence, the correct answer is “Only II (Sparta).”

The correct answer is: 2. Aristotle
Aristotle stated that if mere life were the objective, then even slaves and animals could form a state. However, he argued that the true purpose of a state is to enable its citizens to live a good and virtuous life.

The correct answer is 2) Protagoras.
Protagoras is not a principal character in Plato’s Republic. He is a well-known Sophist and is the main character in Plato’s dialogue “Protagoras,” but he does not play a key role in The Republic.

In The Republic, key characters include Polemarchus, Adeimantus, and Glaucon, who engage in discussions with Socrates.

The correct answer is: 1) Territory, Race, Culture
According to Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Hindus were united by a common territory (land of Bharat), race (common ancestry), and culture (shared traditions, language, and heritage). This idea was central to his concept of Hindutva.

The correct answer is: 4. Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau is credited with the idea of participatory democracy, as he emphasized direct involvement of citizens in decision-making, particularly in his work The Social Contract. He believed that sovereignty should reside with the people and that they should actively participate in governance.

Correct answer: 3) Rachel Carson
Explanation: Rachel Carson authored Silent Spring in 1962, which exposed the harmful effects of pesticides like DDT on the environment. The book played a crucial role in the modern environmental movement and led to the ban on DDT in many countries.