Answer. (4) Niti Shastra in Indian political philosophy are those works that elaborate about Statecraft. It basically explain the nature of political organisation and the process of administration etc. The Arthashastra written by the Kautilya during Mauryan period is also a Nitishastra text.

Solution:  (3) Lohia in his political thought criticized Marxism, Socialism as well as capitalism. He believed that none of them is suitable for India. Hence, He proposed his Thesis of ‘New Socialism’ specially for India.

Solution. (2) In 1904, E.V. Ramasamy went on a pilgrimage to Kasi to visit the revered Shiva temple of Kashi Vishwanath. Though regarded as one of the holiest sites of Hinduism, he witnessed immoral activities such as begging, and floating dead bodies. His frustrations extended to functional Hinduism in general when he experienced what he called Brahmanic exploitation.

Ans.  (1) Jayaprakash Narayan popularly referred to as JP or Lok Nayak was an Indian independence. In 1999, he was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award, in recognition of his social work.

Ans (2) The correct chronological order of the Institutions founded by Gandhi is;

Phoenix Settlement – 1904

Tolstoy Farm – 1910

Kochrab Ashram – 1915

Sevagram Ashram – 1936

Answer: . (1)

Jai Prakash Narayan – Why socialism

Ram Manohar Lohia – Salt Taxation in India

Muhammad Iqbal – Reconstruction of religious thought in Islam

Barani – Fatwo-I- Jahandari

Ans. (1) Government of India decided to observe the birthday of Swami Vivekananda in 1984.

Answer. (1) Rabindranath Tagore surrendered the knighthood as a protest against the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in 1919.

Answer:  (1) Begumpura (“land without sorrow”) is a term coined in a poem by Shri Guru Ravidass Ji. Begampura is the name of an idealized city where there is no suffering or fear, and all are equal.

Kabir instead gave Amardeshwa or Prem Nagar which was similar to Begampura.

Answer: (3) Kautilya wrote the Book Nitishastra but he is not considered as the founder of Nitishastra Tradition. There were multiple saints before him who wrote various texts that have reference to the idea of Statecraft. Even the Dev’s have some relation with the idea theory of Niti Shastra.

Answer:  (2) Sri Aurobindo launched Karmayogin, a weekly English journal conceived as‘A Weekly Review of National Religion, Literature, Science, Philosophy, & c.,’. Sri Aurobindo also launched Dharma, a weekly Bengali journal and its first issue came out on 23 Aug, 1909.

Answer: (1) According to Roy,the materialism of Marx was dogmatic and unscientific and neglected the creative role of the human subject. He strongly believed that the dialectic materialism is materialistic only in name and dialectics being the cornerstone; it is essentially idealistic in nature.

Answer: (2) B.R. Ambedkar in 1955 published a text containing his view on the formation of Linguistic states as suggested by the State Reorganisation Commission. He quoted that the States Reorganisation Commission Report is “The Lambs are shorn of the wool” and “They are feeling the intensity of cold”.

Ans.  (1) Mohandas Gandhi opposed the State. The State is the military, police, prisons, courts, tax collectors, and bureaucrats. He saw the State as concentrated violence. According to Dr. Dhawan, Gandhi was a philosophical Anarchist because he believed that the “[the greatest good of all] can be realized only in the classless, stateless democracy.”

Ans. (2) Punjab was the state where Adi Ambedkar samaj occurred. This movement was a religious movement in India aimed at bringing back Indian culture and traditions which were being washed away by the European culture which they had brought along when they had colonized India.

B. The Life Divine (1919)
C. Essays on the Gita (1922)
D. Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol (1940)
A. Love and Death (1948)

Therefore, the correct answer is (c) B, C, D and A.

Ans. (3) Mahatma Gandhi while presenting his views on the interdependence between morality, ethics, politics and religion quoted that “For me morals, ethics, and religion are convertible terms. A moral life without reference to religion is like a house built upon sand.”

Ans. (1) Kautilya in his Arthashastra discuss the danger and challenges to an established political system. He was aware of the possibility of Anarchy. Hence he recommended a strong state ruled by a virtuous monarch. Both the statement are correct and the reason statement provides a valid explanation behind the assertion statement.

Ans. (2) The Arthashastra states that an increase in expenditure and lower revenue collection (parihapan) was an indication of embezzlement of funds by corrupt officials. Kautilya provides a comprehensive list of 40 kinds of embezzlement. In all these cases, the concerned functionaries such as the treasurer (nidhayaka), the prescriber (nibandhak), the receiver (pratigrahaka), the payer (dayak), the person who caused the payment (deepika) and the ministerial servants (mantri-vaiyavrityakara) were to be separately interrogated.

Ans (2) In his book ‘Discovery of India’ Jawaharlal Nehru quoted that “In the context of society today, the caste system and much that goes with it are wholly incompatible, reactionary, restrictive, and barriers to progress.”