Ans: 2) Thirty Years War
Explanation: The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) ended with the Peace of Westphalia, which established the principles of state sovereignty and territorial integrity, marking the beginning of the modern state system.

Ans: 1) A, C, B, D
Explanation:
The correct order based on tenure:
Mike Moore (1999–2002)
Supachai Panitchpakdi (2002–2005)
Pascal Lamy (2005–2013)
Roberto Azevêdo (2013–2020)

Ans: 4) A & B only
Explanation: A failed state cannot perform core state functions like maintaining law, order, and public services.
Sierra Leone is often cited as a failed state due to its history of civil war and weak governance.
Statements C and D are incorrect, as failed states lack control and coercive capacity.

Ans: 2) Ernst B. Haas
Explanation: Ernst B. Haas identified eight meanings of “Balance of Power,” enhancing understanding of power dynamics in international relations.

Ans: 4) Civilian dictatorship
ExplanationMonarchy: Tajikistan is ruled by Emomali Rahmon since 1992 under an authoritarian regime with limited political freedom, making it a civilian dictatorship.

Ans: 3) Classic Modernization theory
Explanation: Classic Modernization theory links economic development with democratization, suggesting that development leads to social changes like education and urbanization, which support stable democracy.

Ans: 1) Morgenthau
Explanation: Hans Morgenthau, a key realist thinker, stated this in his book Politics Among Nations, highlighting that national interest defined as power guides the actions of statesmen in international politics.

Ans- 2) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III

Ans: 1) A, B & D only
Explanation:
A is correct: Chapter VII allows the UN Security Council to act for peace and security.
B is correct: Article 41 authorizes non-military sanctions.
C is incorrect: Only the Security Council can withdraw its own sanctions, not the General Assembly.
D is correct: The Security Council uses sanctions to support peaceful transitions and deter non-constitutional changes.

Ans: 3) C & D only
Explanation:
C is correct: Constructivists see culture as socially constructed, not inherited.
D is correct: Culture has a causal effect on political behavior and institutions.
A and B are incorrect as they reflect primordialist or essentialist views, not constructivist ones.

Ans: 1) 2009
Explanation: The Copenhagen Summit (COP15) was held in 2009 to negotiate a global climate agreement. It was significant but failed to reach a binding deal.

Ans: 4) Burma
Explanation: The Asian Tigers are South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan—known for rapid industrial growth. Burma (Myanmar) is not one of them.

Ans: 2) 11 September
Explanation: The 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001 prompted George W. Bush to adopt a foreign policy focused on global intervention and the War on Terror.

Ans: 2) Asian financial crisis
Explanation: The G20 was formed in 1999 in response to the Asian financial crisis (1997–98) to improve global economic coordination and financial stability.

Ans: 2) To endure world economic stability
Explanation: India engages actively in the G20 to promote global economic stability, contribute to major economic decisions, and support a stable international financial system.

Ans: 4) All of the above options
Explanation: The recent G20 summit focused on sustainable growth, women-led development, and marked the emergence of the Global South as a collective voice in global affairs—making all listed options significant outcomes.

Ans: 3) Chair is rotational annually and from a different region
Explanation: The G20 is representative because its chair rotates annually and comes from a different region each year, allowing for inclusive global participation and fair representation of diverse regional interests.

Ans: 1) International cooperation
Explanation: The primary objective of the G20 is to promote international cooperation on global economic issues, including financial stability, sustainable development, and inclusive growth across nations.

Ans: 3) Only A and C
Explanation:
A is correct – Nuclear weapons are a primary type of Weapon of Mass Destruction (WMD).
B is incorrect – Biological weapons are considered WMDs.
C is correct – The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) outlaws chemical weapons.
D is incorrect – The CWC came into force in 1997, not 1998.
So, A and C are the correct statements.

Ans: 4) A, D, B, C
Explanation:
A) Operation Provide Comfort – 1991 (Iraq, post-Gulf War, for Kurdish refugees)
D) Operation Restore Hope – 1992-1993 (Somalia, famine and civil war response)
B) Operation Turquoise – 1994 (Rwanda, during genocide, by French forces)
C) Operation Allied Force – 1999 (Kosovo, NATO intervention to stop ethnic cleansing)
So, the chronological order is: A → D → B → C

Ans: 4) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D–III
Explanation: List of Energy Companies and their Host Country listed as follows:
TOTAL – France
PETRONAS – Malaysia
SINOPEC – China
ARAMCO – Saudi Arabia

Ans: 1) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D–I
Explanation:
COP 27 – Sharm-El-Sheikh, Egypt (2022)
19th India-ASEAN Summit – Phnom Penh, Cambodia (2022)
31st Arab League Summit – Algiers, Algeria (2022)
7th BRICS Summit – Ufa, Russia (2015)

Correct Answer: 1) A, B and C only
Explanation:
✔ A) Correct – Neorealists argue that anarchy in the international system leads to insecurity and competition, often resulting in conflict and war.
✔ B) Correct – Without a central authority, states operate in a self-help system to ensure survival.
✔ C) Correct – Neorealism emphasizes relative gains, meaning states are more focused on not falling behind others, which promotes conflict.
✖ D) Incorrect – The security dilemma is based on defensive build-up that is perceived as threatening, not necessarily offensive intent.
Conclusion: A, B, and C reflect key tenets of neorealism in International Relations.

Correct Answer: 1) Martin Wight
Explanation:
▪ Martin Wight authored the influential essay “Why is there no International Theory?” first published in 1960.
▪ In it, he argues that unlike domestic political theory, international relations lacks a coherent, systematic theory due to the anarchic nature of international politics.
▪ He outlines three traditions in IR thought:
1) Realism (Machiavellians) – power and state interest
2) Rationalism (Grotian tradition) – law and diplomacy
3) Revolutionism (Kantian/utopian) – moral unity and peace
Wight was a founding figure of the English School of International Relations, which emphasizes the international society perspective.

Answer: 2) B, C and D only
Explanation:
Statement A Incorrect: The G-20 has 19 sovereign nations and 1 regional organization (European Union), not 20 sovereign states.
Statement B Correct: It includes the world’s largest advanced and emerging economies.
Statement C Correct: G-20 works as an informal forum for economic dialogue among finance ministers, central banks, and heads of state.
Statement D Correct: G-20’s increasing role in global economic governance signals the rise of a new institutional order, especially post-2008 crisis.

Answer: 1) China’s model of rapid economic growth
Explanation:
▪ The Beijing Consensus, coined by Joshua Cooper Ramo, refers to China’s unique approach to development, especially in contrast to the Western Washington Consensus.
▪ It emphasizes:
▪ Gradual reforms
▪ State-led capitalism
▪ Export-driven economy
▪ Authoritarian political control
▪ Innovation and experimentation
It has become a model for developing countries seeking economic growth without Western-style liberal democracy.

Answer: 2) David Held
Explanation:
▪ David Held is one of the key theorists of the transformationalist perspective on globalization.
▪ Transformationalism argues that globalization is restructuring global politics, economics, and society, but not in a fixed direction.
▪ Unlike hyper-globalists or skeptics, transformationalists believe globalization is multidimensional, with unpredictable outcomes that both challenge and reshape state sovereignty.
▪ Held emphasizes:
▪ Complex interdependence
▪ Transnational governance
▪ Redefinition of borders and identities
▪ A mix of global integration and local differentiation
Hence, David Held is the correct answer.

Answer: 3) A, B and D only
Explanation:
David Held and Anthony McGrew categorized globalization theories into a three-part typology:
1) Hyperglobalists – Believe globalization is creating a borderless world, where nation-states are becoming obsolete due to global capitalism and technological advancement.
2) Sceptics – Argue that globalization is exaggerated and that most economic and political activity remains regional or national in nature.
3) Transformationalists – Believe globalization is real and profound, but it is reshaping, not erasing, state power. They focus on complex, dynamic changes rather than an either/or approach.
Culturalist is not part of their typology. Hence, the correct set is:
A, B, and D only.

Answer: 3) Ann Tickner

Explanation:
Ann J. Tickner is a leading feminist scholar in International Relations (IR) who challenged and reformulated the realist theory of Hans J. Morgenthau from a feminist lens, particularly in her works like “Gender in International Relations” and “Gendering World Politics.”

She questioned realism’s masculine assumptions and reformulated Morgenthau’s six principles of political realism by emphasizing:
▪ Dynamic objectivity
▪ A multidimensional concept of national interest
▪ Power as mutual empowerment
▪ Integration of morality with politics
▪ Recognizing diverse moral perspectives
▪ Rejecting a rigid, male-dominated autonomous view of politics
Thus, Ann Tickner is the correct answer.

Ans: 3) D, C, A and B
Explanation: The following UN Peacekeeping Operations arranged in chronological order:
UNPROFOR in former Yugoslavia – Feb 1992 – Dec 1995.
UNAMIR in Rwanda – Oct 1993 – March 1996.
UNAMID in Darfur – July 2007 – Present.
UNMISS in South Sudan – July 2011 – Present.

Answer: 4) A and D only
Explanation:
Humanitarian Intervention refers to the use of force by states or international organizations to prevent or stop widespread suffering or human rights violations, especially when a state fails to protect its own citizens.
Correct Justifications:
A) Global Interdependence:
In a globalized world, crises in one region can affect others—through refugee flows, regional instability, or economic disruption. So, intervention can be seen as part of a shared global responsibility or enlightened self-interest.
D) Regional Stability:
When a humanitarian crisis destabilizes a region, it can lead to conflict spillover, terrorism, or migration crises. Thus, intervention may be justified to maintain regional order and prevent escalation.
▪ Not Justified By:
B) National Interest:
Realist theory suggests states act in self-interest, but true humanitarian intervention implies risking national interest to help others. If done purely for national interest, it becomes strategic intervention, not humanitarian.
C) Moral Pluralism:
This implies diverse moral standards across cultures. It challenges the universality of human rights and makes it difficult to justify intervention without seeming like cultural imperialism.
So, only A and D are appropriate justifications for humanitarian intervention.

Correct Answer: 1) A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
Explanation:
A) Robert Cox – II.
He emphasized the interaction between social forces, forms of state, and world orders. His approach is historical and critical, going beyond traditional IR theory.
B) Robert Keohane – I.
Known for neoliberal institutionalism, Keohane argued that international regimes help promote cooperation among states even in the absence of a hegemon.
C) Alexander Wendt – III.
A constructivist, Wendt is famous for saying, “Anarchy is what states make of it.” He emphasized that social structures are constructed through ideas, not just material forces.
D) Rob Walker – IV.
A post-structuralist thinker, he critiqued realism and neorealism for repetitive and static views of international structures, stressing continuity and repetition.
So, the correct match is: A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV.

Correct Answer: 2) Disarmament
Explanation:
▪ The Idealist school (especially dominant after WWI) emphasized international cooperation, moral principles, and the promotion of peace.
▪ They rejected the balance of power approach (which focuses on military alliances and deterrence) because it often led to conflict rather than preventing it.
▪ Instead, they proposed disarmament, collective security, and institutions like the League of Nations to create a more peaceful world order.
Key Idealist Beliefs:
▪ War is preventable through diplomacy and institutions.
▪ States can act morally, not just strategically.
▪ Disarmament fosters trust and reduces the chance of war.
So, disarmament was a central pillar in replacing power politics with peaceful cooperation.

Ans: 1) ECOSOC
Explanation:
The Commission on the Status of Women was created by ECOSOC in 1946 to promote gender equality and women’s rights globally.

Ans: 4) Ralph Miliband
Explanation: Ralph Miliband wrote “The State in Capitalist Society”, where he argued that the state serves the interests of the capitalist class. He viewed the state as an instrument used by the ruling class to maintain its power.

Ans: 1) A, C and D only
Explanation:
The Just War principles include:
A) War as the last resort (must exhaust peaceful means),
C) War must have morally acceptable aims,
D) The outcome must bring more benefit than loss (principle of proportionality).
B) (revenge) and E) (wholesale invasion) are against Just War ethics.

Ans: 3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
Explanation:
Matching SDG numbers with their goals:
SDG 5 → Gender Equality
SDG 7 → Affordable and Clean Energy
SDG 10 → Reduced Inequalities
SDG 15 → Life on Land
So, A–III, B–I, C–IV, D–II is correct.

Ans: 3) A, B, C only
Explanation:
A, B, C are true — Globalisation helps terrorists exchange ideas, recruit online, and use advanced tech.
D is false — Terrorist groups have built sophisticated IEDs using global resources.

Ans: 4) The Paris Agreement
Explanation:
The Paris Agreement doesn’t set country-specific emission targets. Instead, it uses voluntary, self-determined goals (NDCs) for climate mitigation, unlike the Kyoto Protocol, which had binding targets.

Ans: 1) D, B, C and A
Explanation: Major Financial Crises of Modern Capitalism arranged in
Mexican economic crisis – 1994-95.
Argentine economic crisis – 1999-2002.
Dot-com crisis – 2000.
U.S. sub-prime mortgage crisis – 2007-08.

Ans: 1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation: Economic globalisation increases prosperity by promoting open, market-based economies, which lead to growth, jobs, and wider opportunities. Thus, R correctly explains A.

Ans: 1) George Kennan
Explanation: George F. Kennan, a career Foreign Service Officer, formulated the policy of “containment,” the basic United States strategy for fighting the cold war (1947– 1989) with the Soviet Union.
The Containment Policy was a strategic foreign policy pursued by the United States during the Cold War to prevent the spread of Soviet communism after the end of World War II.

Ans: 2) Bretton Woods
Explanation: The Bretton Woods Conference, officially known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, was a gathering of delegates from 44 nations that met from July 1 to 22, 1944 in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to agree upon a series of new rules for the post-WWII international monetary system.
The two major accomplishments of the conference were the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).

Ans: 2) 1945
Explanation: The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights.

Ans: 1) (A), (B) and (C) only
Explanation: Positive Statements on Globalization :-
A) Promotes free trade of goods and services among the nations.
B) Strengthens the market economies of the developing world.
C) Promotes socio-economic interactions between the countries.

Correct Answer: 3) C and D only
Explanation:
A) Nuclear arms race – True
B) Propaganda war – True
C) Economic blockade against non-aligned countries – False (Non-Aligned countries aimed to stay neutral and were not directly blockaded for being non-aligned)
D) Third World countries directly involved – False (They were often battlegrounds or influenced, but not directly involved in the superpower conflict)
So, C and D are NOT features of the Cold War.

Correct Answer: 1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Assertion (A) is true – The Cold War dominated global politics after WWII.
Reason (R) is also true – It influenced not only superpower relations but also their relations with non-aligned countries.
R correctly explains A because the Cold War shaped the entire international environment, including how superpowers interacted with both allies and non-aligned nations.

Correct Answer: 1) Both Statement I and Statement II are true
Explanation:
Statement I is true: Global environmental changes—like climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss—have been significantly driven by modern technologies (e.g., fossil fuels, industrialization) and population growth, which increases pressure on natural resources.
Statement II is also true: Climate change requires collective action within the current generation (intra-generational) and between current and future generations (inter-generational), making it hard to address due to conflicting interests and timeframes.
So both statements are factually accurate and explain key challenges in global environmental governance.

Ans: 3) Statement I is correct but Statement Il is false
Explanation:
Statement I: Both IMF (International Monetary Fund) and IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, also known as the World Bank) have their headquarters located in Washington D.C., United States.
Statement II: India’s quota in the IMF is currently 2.75%. The quota determines the amount of financial resources a country is required to contribute to the IMF, as well as its voting share and access to IMF resources. India’s 2.75% quota gives it a voting share of 2.63% in the IMF.
Statement I is TRUE but Statement II is FALSE.

Ans: 1) (C), (A), (B) and (D)
Explanation:
1) Durban, South Africa – Durban, South Africa – March 26-27, 2013
2) Ufa, Russia – July 8-9, 2015
3) Johannesburg, South Africa – July 25-27, 2018
4) Beijing Virtual Summit – November 17 (video conference), 2020

Ans: 1) Robert W. Cox
Explanation: Robert W. Cox describes the difference between problem-solving and critical theory in this way: “[problem solving theory] takes the world as it finds it, with the prevailing social and power relationships and the institutions into which they are organized, as the given framework for action. The general aim of problem solving is to make these relationships and institutions work smoothly.”

Ans: 1) John Herz
Explanation: The term “Security Dilemma” in IR was first introduced by the British scholar John Herz in his 1950.
Herz argued that in the international system, the pursuit of security by one state can lead to increased insecurity for other states, even if they do not have hostile intentions. This is because the actions taken by one state to increase its security can be perceived as a threat by other states, who then respond by taking similar actions, leading to a spiral of insecurity and tension.
Example – Arms Race during Cold War.

Ans: 4) John Mearsheimer
Explanation: John Mearsheimer is a prominent realist scholar in International Relations, and he has argued that states seek to maximize power rather than security.
In “The Tragedy of Great Power Politics” book, John Mearsheimer lays out his argument that the Pursuit of Power is the primary goal of states, and that this pursuit inevitably leads to conflict and competition between states.
He argues that the international system is characterized by Anarchy, meaning that there is no higher authority above states that can enforce rules and prevent conflict. In this context, states are forced to rely on their own Power and capabilities to ensure their survival and advance their interests.

Ans: 1) Alexander Wendt
Explanation: According to Alexander Wendt, Anarchy is not an inherent condition that determines the behavior of states, but rather a dynamic Social Construct that can be transformed through the actions and beliefs of states.
This Social Constructivist perspective challenges the traditional realist views of international relations which see anarchy as a fixed condition that inevitably leads to conflict and competition among states.
Wendt argues that the behavior of states in IR is not determined solely by the structural constraints of the international system, but also by their own perceptions and beliefs about the nature of the system and their place in it.
States can shape the international system by adopting different identities, interests, and norms, which can lead to different patterns of cooperation or conflict.

Correct Answer: 1) A, B and C only
Explanation:
A) Security Council – ✓ Main body responsible for international peace and security. It can authorize peacekeeping missions, sanctions, or even military action.
B) Secretary General – ✓ Plays a diplomatic role, offering “good offices” for mediation and facilitating peace talks.
C) General Assembly – ✓ Though not binding, it deliberates and passes resolutions promoting peace and international cooperation.
D) ECOSOC –  ✗ Focuses on economic, social, and developmental issues, not direct peacekeeping or conflict resolution.
Therefore, A, B, and C are directly involved in promoting and maintaining international peace.

Correct Answer: 3) A, C and D only
Explanation of L. F. Richardson’s Conclusions in Statistics of Deadly Quarrels (1960):
A) ✔ “The problem of war does not arise from the diabolism of one or a few states” – Richardson argued war is a systemic issue, not simply the result of evil leaders or states.
B) ✗ “Desire for revenge was not the cause of war…” – This is not supported by Richardson’s findings. Revenge has been considered one among many motivations, so this statement is misleading or oversimplified.
C) ✔ “Contiguity has been an important factor in war” – Geography matters. Richardson found that neighboring (contiguous) countries are more likely to go to war.
D) ✔ “Nationalism has both induced and prevented wars” – Richardson acknowledged the dual nature of nationalism—it can unify people peacefully but also fuel conflict.
Summary:
Statements A, C, and D are based on Richardson’s statistical analysis of conflicts from 1820–1945. Hence, Option 3 is correct.

Ans: 2) A, B and D only
Explanation: The Washington Consensus involves IMF, World Bank, and U.S. Treasury Dept—all based in Washington. WTO is not part of it.

Ans: 1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation: After the Cold War, global power shifted from bipolarity (USA vs USSR) to unipolarity (USA as sole superpower).
This happened because the collapse of Soviet power and the USSR ended the balance, leaving the USA dominant.

Ans: 1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
After World War II, imperial powers like Britain and France declined, creating a power vacuum. The USA, economically strong and militarily intact, stepped in as the dominant global power, making the decline of imperial powers the key reason for its rise.

Correct Answer: 1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Yes, health was central to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and 3 out of 8 goals specifically focused on health:
Goal 4 – Reduce child mortality
Goal 5 – Improve maternal health
Goal 6 – Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
So, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains why health issues were central to the MDGs.

Ans: 3) Statement I is correct but Statement Il is false
Explanation:
Statement I : Alexander Wendt says there are 3 types of Anarchy –
Hobbesian Anarchy, Lockean Anarchy, Kantian Anarchy
Hobbesian – States view War of all against all.
Lockean – States view each other as rivals, they consider the right of other states to exist.
Kantian – States view each other as friends, they emerged among consolidated Liberal Democracies.
Statement II: It should be – Alexander Wendt is Social Constructivist Thinker.

Ans: 2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
Explanation:
SCO – 8
ASEAN – 10
AU – 55
EU – 27

Ans: 3) A, B, D, C
Explanation: The correct order of former UN Secretary Generals based on the time they held the office is:
1) Dag Hammarskjold (1953-1961)
2) U Thant (1961-1971)
3) Javier Perez de Cuellar (1982-1991)
4) Boutros Boutros-Ghali (1992-1996)

Ans : 2) D, A, C, B
Explanation:
(A) The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – 1976
(B) The Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against Women – 1979
(C) The American Convention on Human Rights – 1978
(D) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights – 1948

Correct Answer: 4) Tunisia
Explanation:
The Arab Spring began in Tunisia in December 2010 after a street vendor, Mohamed Bouazizi, self-immolated in protest of police corruption and injustice. This sparked mass protests, leading to the fall of Tunisia’s regime and inspiring uprisings across the Arab world.

Ans : 1) (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
Explanation :
(A) Tragedy of Great Power Politics (2001) – John Mearsheimer
(B) Politics among Nations (1948) – Hans Morgenthau
(C) Theory of International Politics (1979) – Kenneth Waltz, Hedley Bull and Herbert Butterfield
(D) From Wealth to Power : The Unusual Origins of America’s World Role (1999) – Fareed Zakaria

Ans : 3) 2016
Explanation : ‘Brexit’ is the name given to the United Kingdom’s departure from the European Union. It is a combination of ‘Britain’ and ‘exit’. On 23 June 2016, the UK held a referendum on its membership of the EU. The question facing voters was: ‘Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?’ 51.89% of voters voted to leave the EU. The UK left the EU on 31 January 2020.

Ans : 2) 2014
Explanation : Recognizing its universal appeal, on 11 December 2014, the United Nations proclaimed 21 June as the International Day of Yoga by resolution 69/131. The International Day of Yoga aims to raise awareness worldwide of the many benefits of practicing yoga.

Ans : 1) Ann Tickner
Explanation : Gender in International Relations written by J. Ann Tickner in 1992.

Ans :2) D, B, C, A
Explanation:
(A) Kyoto Protocol – 1997
(B) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – 1966
(C) UN Conference on Environment in Rio de Janeiro – 1992
(D) UN Declarations of Human Rights – 1948

Correct Answer: 3) A and C Only
Explanation:
(A) Cold War – Bipolar: ✓ Correct – Two superpowers: USA & USSR.
(B) Berlin Crisis – 1955: ✗ Incorrect – Major Berlin Crisis occurred in 1961, not 1955.
(C) Cuban Missile Crisis – 1962: ✓ Correct – It occurred in October 1962.
(D) Marshall Plan – Japan: ✗ Incorrect – The Marshall Plan was for European recovery, not Japan.

Ans : 2) Joseph S. Nye
Explanation: Coined by Nye in the late 1980s, the term “soft power” — the ability of a country to persuade others to do what it wants without force or coercion — is now widely invoked in foreign policy debates.

Ans : (2) A and B Only
Explanation :
(A) Doklam – Doklam, or Donglang in Chinese, is an area spread over less than a 100 sq km comprising a plateau and a valley at the trijunction between India, Bhutan and China. It is surrounded by the Chumbi Valley of Tibet, Bhutan’s Ha Valley and Sikkim.
(B) Easter day Terror Attack – On 21 April 2019, Easter Sunday, three churches in Sri Lanka and three luxury hotels in the commercial capital, Colombo, were targeted in a series of coordinated ISIS-related terrorist suicide bombings. Later that day, there were smaller explosions at a housing complex in Dematagoda and a guest house in Dehiwala.

Correct Answer: 1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
Explanation:
A) Millennium Development Goals → IV. Poverty and Hunger ✓
MDGs aimed to reduce global poverty and hunger by 2015.
B) Marshall Plan → I. European Recovery ✓
US-funded plan (1948) to rebuild Western Europe post-WWII.
C) Group of 77 → II. New International Economic Order ✓
G-77 advocated for NIEO to promote developing countries’ economic interests.
D) GATT → III. World Trade Organisation ✓
GATT was the forerunner to the WTO, replaced by it in 1995.

Ans : 1) D, B, C, A
Explanation:
A) Russian-Ukrainian War : 2022
B) Russian-Georgian War : 2008
C) Euromaidan Revolution : 2014
D) Orange Revolution : 2004

Ans : 1) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct Explanation of A
Explanation: Hegemony is political or cultural dominance or authority over others. Traditionally, Realist hegemony describes the dominance of one state over several others

Ans : 2) Neo-realist
Explanation: Kenneth Neal Waltz was an American political scientist who was a member of the faculty at both the University of California, Berkeley and Columbia University and one of the most prominent scholars in the field of international relations. He was a veteran of both World War II and the Korean War.

Ans : 3) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
Explanation :
A) Henry Kissinger – Traditional Approach to Foreign Policy
B) Kenneth Waltz – Man, the State and War (1959)
C) Amitav Acharya – Multiplex Order (2014)
D) Joseph S. Nye – The Future of Power (2011)

Ans : 2) A and C only
Explanation:
A) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – 1966
B) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities – 2008
C) Convention on the Rights of Child – 1989
D) Optional Protocol on Economic Social Rights – 2009

Ans : 2) Ukraine
Explanation : The Orange Revolution was a series of protests and political events that took place in Ukraine from late November 2004 to January 2005, in the immediate aftermath of the run-off vote of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election, which was claimed to be marred by massive corruption, voter intimidation and electoral fraud.

Ans : 2) A and C only
Explanation :
A) International Court of Justice – The Hague
B) W.H.O – Geneva
C) International Criminal Court – Rome
D) IAEA – Vienna

Correct Answer: 2) Nuclear Suppliers Group
Explanation:
India is a member of:
✓ MTCR (joined in 2016)
✓ Wassenaar Arrangement (joined in 2017)
✓ Australia Group (joined in 2018)
But ✗ not a member of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) due to opposition from some member states over India not being a signatory to the NPT (Non-Proliferation Treaty).

Ans : 3) States are always engaged in the process of monopoly capitalism
Explanation : Core issues related to the neo-realist theory of International Relations are :
. Actors react in an anarchical environment
. Structure is a major determinant of actor’s behaviour
. Distrust and fear among actors creates problem of security dilemma

Ans : 1) Unrestrained development
Explanation : Features of Sustainable Development are :
. Based on principle of generational equity
. Development without environmental degradation
. Meeting present needs, without compromising needs for future
. Aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, slow global warming, and protect natural resources.
. Emphasises green architecture and environmentally friendly construction methods.
. Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are emphasised.
. Natural, biodegradable building materials are used.

Correct Answer: 2) A and C only
Explanation:
✓ Chapter VI of the UN Charter: Peaceful settlement of disputes (peacemaking).
✗ Chapter VIII: Deals with regional arrangements, not peacekeeping.
✓ Chapter VII: Covers action with respect to threats to peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression (peace enforcement).
✗ Chapter IX: Focuses on international economic and social cooperation, not directly about peace.
Hence, only A and C correctly refer to peace-preservation provisions.

Ans : 4) A and D only
Explanation : International regimes are defined as a ‘set of implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors’ expectations converge’ (Krasner 1983). The effectiveness of a regime rests on the operations of institutions, organizations, governments, and international bodies that share a set of principles, rules, and norms in a particular area of international action. Although regimes include formal treaties and national law, they also rely on informal norms and networks to develop and enforce standard behaviour in an area of global policy.

Correct Answer: 1) A and B only
Explanation:
✓ Austrian School and ✓ Chicago School are key economic schools behind New Right ideology, emphasizing free markets, limited government, and individual responsibility.
✗ Frankfurt School is Marxist, critical of capitalism—opposite of New Right.
✗ New York School is not associated with New Right ideology.
Hence, only Austrian and Chicago schools are correctly matched.

Correct Answer: 1) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Explanation:
A) SALT-I → 1972 (IV) – First Strategic Arms Limitation Talks between US & USSR.
B) SALT-II → 1979 (III) – Follow-up treaty to limit nuclear weapons.
C) START-I → 1990 (II) – Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty signed in 1991, but fully implemented by 1990s.
D) INF Treaty → 1987 (I) – Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty eliminating certain missiles.
✓ All matchings are correct.

Ans : 3) B, D, C, A
Explanation :
A) Charter of the United Nations – 1945
B) Treaty of Westphalia – 1648
C) Treaty of Versailles – 1919
D) Treaties of Utrecht – 1713

Ans : 3) Statement I is true but Statement II is false
Explanation : Issues of peace and security are decided by 2/3 majority, including five permanent members, by the UN Security Council.
UN Security Council can not represent all regions of the world in adequate manner as in UNSC there are 5 permanent members who have veto powers and like every nation they first think about their own self-interest.

Ans : 3) Stockholm
Explanation: The 1972 United Nations Conference on the Environment in Stockholm was the first world conference to make the environment a major issue.

Ans : 2) C. W. Manning
Explanation: Proponent of the Systems theory of International Relations are : Morton Kaplan, Kenneth Boulding and Karl W. Deutsch

Correct Answer: 1) Politics is governed by universal moral
Explanation:
Hans J. Morgenthau’s theory of Classical Realism in international relations is built on power politics, not universal morality.
He emphasizes:
Politics is rooted in human nature.
National interest is defined in terms of power.
Politics is an autonomous realm, separate from morality, economics, or law.
Moral principles can’t be universally applied in international politics.
So, option 1 contradicts the realist view and is not a basic principle of Morgenthau’s realism.

Correct Answer: 3) C and D only
Explanation:
Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points (1918) outlined his vision for a peaceful post-WWI world order. Among the most important points:
C) Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at – Yes, this was Point 1 of Wilson’s plan, emphasizing transparency in international diplomacy.
D) A free, open-minded and impartial adjustment of all colonial claims – Yes, this was Point 5, advocating fairness in resolving colonial issues.
✗ A) Economic barriers for trade be imposed – False. Wilson wanted to remove economic barriers (Point 3).
✗ B) Polish state is not given free access to sea – False. Wilson demanded that Poland be granted access to the sea (Point 13).
Hence, only C and D are correct.

Ans : 2) A and C only
Explanation : Glasnost, (Russian: “openness”) Soviet policy of open discussion of political and social issues. It was instituted by Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s and began the democratization of the Soviet Union. Ultimately, fundamental changes to the political structure of the Soviet Union occurred: the power of the Communist Party was reduced, and multicandidate elections took place. Glasnost also permitted criticism of government officials and allowed the media freer dissemination of news and information.

Ans : 3) A and C only
Explanation : UN Peacekeeping helps countries navigate the difficult path from conflict to peace. They have unique strengths, including legitimacy, burden sharing, and an ability to deploy troops and police from around the world, integrating them with civilian peacekeepers to address a range of mandates set by the UN Security Council and General Assembly.

Ans : 3) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
Explanation:
A) Lake Success Conference – 1949
B) Stockholm Conference – 1972
C) Chipko Movement – 1973
D) Rio-Earth Conference – 1992

Correct Option: 3) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
A) International Monetary Fund (IMF) → II.
Acts as a lender of last resort.
Provides financial assistance to countries facing balance of payment crises.
Helps maintain global financial stability.

B) International Finance Corporation (IFC) → I.
Promotes private sector growth in developing countries.
Provides loans and equity financing to private enterprises.
Part of the World Bank Group focused on private investment.

C) International Development Association (IDA) → IV.
Offers interest-free loans and grants to the world’s poorest countries.
Supports social services like health, education, infrastructure, etc.
Aimed at reducing poverty and boosting economic development.

D) Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) → III.
Provides political risk insurance and credit enhancement.
Encourages foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries.
Promotes the flow of private equity into risk-prone regions.

Ans : 2) A, B, D, C
Explanation :
A) Bolshevik Revolution – 1917
B) Treaty of Versailles – 1919
C) Nazi-Germany Soviet Non-Aggression Pact – 1939
D) Lenin’s ‘Socialism in one country’ – 1924

Ans. (3) The capacity of bourgeoisies to displace rival views and become in effect , the common sense of the age.
Explanation : “Hegemony” refers to- The capacity of bourgeoisies to displace rival views and become in effect , the common sense of the age. Hegemony designates a type of domination based primarily on dominated people’s and groups’ consent rather than purely on a leader’s coercion and exerted force.