(4) Aristotle provided a structured theory of revolution. He did Comparative analysis of various revolution and sketched out the characteristics and stages of revolution.

(1) John Locke in his Social Contract theory projected that the State is a ManMade Institution and not naturally existed in the State of Nature. He claimed that people came together to surrender their few right to a body and from their they get Right to Life, Liberty and Property.

(3) Bill of Rights is the key governing principle of American Constitution. It enlist some fundamental rights provided to citizen of USA. These bill of Rights also influenced the Fundamental Rights given to Indian people by Constitution of India.

(4) Hegel gave supreme importance to the State. He believed that State is the final culmination of Rational Idea. He also claimed that State is a natural institution. According to him “State is the March of God on Earth”.

(1) Socrates in his philosophy claimed that Knowledge is best form of virtue and being virtuous means being Knowledgeable. This philosophy of Socrates became the cornerstone of Plato’s Idea of Philosopher king.

(2) ‘Philosophy of History’ is one of the most famous work of Hegel. The central argument of this book is that history is not material in nature but derived by the ideas. One Idea give birth to another ideas and this process keeps on this give birth to History.

(1) David Easton was the propounder of general system theory. The System model have input, process, output and feedback. This general system theory became the base for multiple comparative research in comparative Politics.

(3) Article 123 of Indian Constitution of India provide President the power to Issue Ordinance to bring into effect any law when any one of the two house of Parliament is not in session. These Ordinance have equal status to the laws made by parliament. These ordinance need to be approved by Parliament with in 6 month.

(3) The correct match is: A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
   Book  Authors
(A) The Laws (2) Plato
(B) Prince (1) Machiavelli
(C) On Liberty (4) J.S Mill
(D) Theory of Justice (3) John Rawls

(1) The 73rd Amendment Act 1992 added a new Part IX to the Constitution of India titled “the Panchayats” Covering provisions from Article 243 to 243 (O) and a new Eleventh Schedule Covering 29 subjects within the functions of the Panchayats.

(2) Martin Seliger in his book ‘Ideology and Politics’ published in 1970 wrote that ‘a set of ideas by which men posit, explain and justify the ends and means of organized social action, irrespective of whether such action aims to preserve, amend, uproot or rebuild a given social order’.

(2) ‘All Political Philosophers are political theorists’ is a correct statement.’ All Political Theorists are not necessarily Political Philosophers’ is also correct, but it is not a reason behind the assertion.

(3) Labour power is a key concept used by Karl Marx in his critique of capitalist political economy. Marx distinguished between the capacity to do work, labour power, from the physical act of working, labour. Labour power exists in any kind of society, but on what terms it is traded or combined with means of production to produce goods and services has historically varied greatly. Under capitalism, according to Marx, the productive powers of labour appear as the creative power of capital. Indeed, “labour power at work” becomes a component of capital, it functions as working capital. Work becomes just work, workers become an abstract labour force, and the control over work becomes mainly a management prerogative.

(2) The vision of Plato’s theory was reaffirmed in the Utopia of Sir Thomas More, City of the Sun of Campanella, New Atlantis of Bacon.

(4) Aristotle strongly believed and justified the institution of slavery. He opined slaves as the possession of the family or, in other words, was considered the property of the master or the family. He stated that slavery is natural and beneficial to both the masters as well as the slaves. Slaves are considered necessary because they provide leisure that was most essential for the welfare of the state. Aristotle stated that slavery benefited the slaves as well. Because by being a slave, he would be able to share the virtues of the master and elevate himself.

(2) J.S Mill’s wife Harriet Taylor help him in accommodation of humanitarian ideas under the theory of Utilitarianism. Mill provided a reformed version of Utilitarianism which he learned from Bentham.

(2) Hobbes’ felicity is a kind of perpetual motion rather than a particular static mental state or state of being. He describes it as that which vanishes at the attainment of a desire brought about by means of the exercising of one’s power.

(2) Rousseau proclaimed the natural goodness of man and believed that one man by nature is just as good as any other. For Rousseau, a man could be just without virtue and good without effort.
According to Rousseau, man in the state of nature was free, wise, and good and the laws of nature were benevolent.

(1) A dominant theme of the Essay is the question with which the original discussion in Exeter House began: What is the capacity of the human mind for understanding and knowledge? In his prefatory chapter, Locke explains that the Essay is not offered as a contribution to knowledge itself but as a means of clearing away some of the intellectual rubbish that stands in the way of knowledge. He had in mind not only the medieval Scholastics and their followers but also some of his older contemporaries. Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding was a refutation of Hobbes’ Leviathan which considered human as a selfish being.

(3) Aurobindo Gosh believed that the Politics of Society must be based on two principles as ‘Treat others as self’ and ‘help the other persons in need’.

(2) At the time of the framing of the constitution, Pandit Nehru remarked that: “While we want this Constitution to be as solid and as permanent a structure as we can make it, nevertheless there is no permanence in Constitutions. There should be a certain flexibility. If you make anything rigid and permanent, you stop a nation’s growth, the growth of a living, vital, organic people.”

(4) Article 21 of Indian Constitution cannot be suspended during emergency because it states that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure state by law. Article 20 safeguards certain right of accused from conviction.

(1) Communist party of India did not support the stand of socialist party on world war II. They were also critical of socialist party support to quit India movement. Hence, the called Jayaprakash Narain, Ram Manohar Lohia and other Socialists as Japanese agents during 1942 movement.

(2) Caste system was an epitome of the traditional society, a ‘closed system’, where generation after generation of individuals did similar kinds of work and lived more or less similar kinds of lives. Caste system encapsulated within it the features of a social structure and normative religious behaviour, and even provided a fairly comprehensive idea about the personal lives of individuals living in the Hindu Caste Society. Both the statement are correct and informing about the features of caste system in India, the second statement is not an explanation to the first one.

(4) It will be wrong to say that over the years, the Supreme Court of India has failed to demonstrate a commitment to preserving constitutional liberty, and expanding and protecting human rights. The truth is that supreme Court has played and continues to play a critical role in shaping India’s constitutional democracy far beyond that which the drafters of the Constitution envisaged or what courts in other countries play.

(2) In law, locus standi means the right to bring an action, to be heard in court, or to address the Court on a matter before it. Locus standi is the ability of a party to demonstrate to the court sufficient connection to and harm from the law or action challenged to support that party’s participation in the case.

(4) Constitution 61st Amendment Act, 1988 was enacted to reduce the voting age from 21 years to 18 years. Keeping in view of the literacy, enlightenment and politically awareness among the youth, the lowering of the voting age was carried out by the amendment.

(3) The government of India act 1919 extended the principle of communal representation by providing separate electorates for Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans.

(2) Union power committee and union constitution committee were headed by Nehru. Steering Committee was headed by Rajendra Prasad. Committee on Fundamental Rights and Minorities and Provincial Constitution Committee was headed by Sardar Patel.

(2) In Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World (1986), Partha Chatterjee argued that Indian nationalism was to some extent derivative, but it did not come to its central tenets, represented for him in the thinking of Jawaharlal Nehru, by a straight line. ‘Sometimes the shortest route between two points is a crooked line’, he wrote. Still, a hypersensitive Indian academic public latched on to the subtitle of the book, A Derivative Discourse?, ignored the question mark, and were offended.

(4) Development administration is a dynamic concept which brings about socio-economic and politico-economic changes in society. Aiming towards development, it strives for change, growth, progress and overall development in every sphere of a country. It was first introduced by Edward W. Weidner. The following are the characteristics of development administration:
• Change-oriented
• Result-oriented
• Client-oriented
• Citizen participation oriented
• Commitment to fulfill public demands
• Concerned with innovation
• Administration of industrial societies
• Effectiveness of coordination

(1) A domicile certificate not only prove the residence status of a person but also makes him eligible to avail various benefits based on his or her domicile such as education, job and other benefits such as resident quotas in the government service and educational institutions. USA was the first country to introduce domicile condition for public administration servant job.

(1) The position minister of Personnel, public grievance and pensions considered to be a powerful one as of it is the cadre controlling authority of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), and is the administering agency of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and the Public Enterprises Selection Board (PESB).

(3) Re-appropriation, which implies the transfer of funds from one primary unit of appropriation to another such unit within a grant, can be sanctioned under formal orders of a competent authority, only when it is known or anticipated that the appropriation for the unit from which funds are to be diverted.

(4) The advancement of an employee within a company position or job tasks. A job promotion may be the result of an employee’s proactive pursuit of a higher ranking or as a reward by employers for good performance. Typically is also associated with a higher rate of pay or financial bonus.

(2) The onset of detente, the loss of hegemonic status by the USA and the growing awareness of environmental problems sensitized social scientists. The regimes are an important feature of globalization. The multi polar world is the present reality in the absence of an absolute hegemone.

(3) In a journal article “The Changing Nature of World Power” Published in Political Science Quarterly Joseph S. Nye wrote that “Power in International Politics is like the weather. Everyone talks about it, but few understand it”

(A)
(Reasons of failure) (States)
Tribal conflict – Somalia
Endless violence for nonpolitical purposes – Liberia
Ethnic genocide – Rawada
Transnational war – Congo

(4) The phrase axis of evil was first used by U.S. President George W. Bush in his State of the Union address on January 29, 2002, and often repeated throughout his presidency, to describe foreign governments that, during his administration, sponsored terrorism and sought weapons of mass destruction. Axis of evil, expression used to describe the bellicose tendencies of Iran, North Korea, and Iraq in the early 21st century.

(3) The Peace building Commission (PBC) was jointly established by the General Assembly and the Security Council in 2005 as a new intergovernmental advisory body of the United Nations that supported peace efforts in countries emerging from conflict. Its aim is to propose integrated strategies for postconflict peace building and recovery, bring together all of the relevant actors and marshal resources.

(3) The Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP) is the first regional government-to-government agreement to promote and enhance cooperation against piracy and armed robbery against ships in Asia. The ReCAAP Agreement was launched in November 2006 with14 Asian Contracting Parties including North, Southeast, and South Asian countries. It has 20 Contracting Parties today, including Europe (Norway, the Netherlands, Denmark, and the United Kingdom), Australia, and the United States.

(3) Sun Tuz wrote that “O divine art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you we learn to be invisible, through you inaudible; and hence we can hold the enemy’s fate in our hands.”

(2) The United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) was created through the adoption of Security Council resolution 1284 of 17 December 1999. UNMOVIC was to replace the former UN Special Commission (UNSCOM) and continue with the latter’s mandate to disarm Iraq of its weapons of mass destruction (chemical, biological weapons and missiles with a range of more than 150 km), and to operate a system of ongoing monitoring and verification to check Iraq’s compliance with its obligations not to reacquire the same weapons prohibited to it by the Security Council. The Secretary-General of the United Nations appointed Dr. Hans Blix of Sweden to be the Commission’s Executive Chairman. In addition, the SecretaryGeneral appointed 16 individuals to serve on the College of Commissioners of UNMOVIC, which provides advice and guidance to the Chairman in the execution of his duties.

(3) Madhya Pradesh lies at the centre of India and it didn’t share boundary with any of India’s neighbouring countries.

(4) Mao’s idea of Communism is different form Lenin, Marx and Engels view. The Classical Marxism call for a movement by Industrial working class. But Mao’s China does not have enough of industrial worker, so it emphasised on the use of Peasantry for the Communist revolution in China.

(4) Richard Ashcraft was an American political theorist and Professor of Political Science. He did not believed after studying the two treaties on Commonwealth that the Locke was a defender of the Glorious Revolution.

(2) Hobbes’s critique of Aristotle consists of two main lines of argument—one moral-political, the other metaphysical—that ultimately prove to be connected.

(4) Jacob Talmon Wrote a book ‘The Origin of Totalitarian Democracy’ In this text he basically criticised the Idea of Rousseau for being totalitarian.

(4) Thomas Hobbes social contract is mainly inclined to create an all mighty Leviathan. He was concentrated in taking rights from people through contract and then giving power to the Leviathan. He talked about the Absolute Sovereignty of King over its subject.

(2)
(Marx’s writing) (Themes)
Paris Manuscripts – Relative Autonomy of the state
Das Capital – – Dictatorship of the proletariat
18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte – Surplus Value
Critique of the Gotha Programme – Alienation

(1) The theories of development like behaviouralism basically originated during the Cold War period and hence they are don’t have universal acceptance. Because they are considered as biased.

(1) Through the process if political socialisation people gradually adjust themselves with the political system. “Political system” defines Almond “is the process of induction into the political culture. Its end product is a set of attitudes—cognitions, value standards and feelings —towards the political system, its various roles and role incumbents”.

(1) Participatory culture, an opposing concept to consumer culture, is a culture in which private individuals (the public) do not act as consumers only, but also as contributors or producers (prosumers). This kind of culture was found in Erstwhile Communist regimes.

(2) Harold Lasswell in his book Politics: Who Gets What, When, How? (1936) set out the perspective that, politics is about diversity and conflict, but the essential ingredient is the existence of scarcity.

(1) Huntington in his book ‘Political order in Changing societies’ Criticised the Modernisation theory for not taking into account the Presence of several competing value systems or cultures in traditional society.

(2)
(State) (State Parties)
Bihar – Lok Janshakti Party
West Bengal – Revolutionary Socialist Party
Uttar Pradesh – Apna Dal
Haryana – Indian National Lok Dal

(3) Towards Equality was the title of the report of the Committee on the Status of Women in India (1974–75). Its authors included Vina Mazumdar, Lotika Sarkar, and Neera Dogra. Sushila Nayar is not a member of this report.

(2)
(Type of Pressure Groups) (Name of Pressure Groups)
Based on traditional social structure – Nair Service Society
Based on labour interest – Hind Mazdoor Parishad
Based on institutional interest – Delhi University Teacher’s Association
Based on business interest – Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry in India

(1) The correct chronological order of the administrative thinkers is;
M.P Follet (1868–1933)
Willoughby (1867–1960)
Robert Dahl ( 1915–2014)
F. W Riggs (1917–2005)

(3) Gulick has given 4P formula regard with the establishment of departments, universally. Purpose, process, person and place. According to him the organisation made on the basis of purpose, process, person or place.

(1)

(3) The Official Secrets Act was first enacted in 1923 and was retained after Independence. The law, applicable to government servants and citizens, provides the framework for dealing with espionage, sedition, and other potential threats to the integrity of the nation. Right to Information does not eliminate the office secrets act 1923.

(3) Liberal Constitutionalism did not support the principles of Majoritarianism. Majoritarianism according to the are against the idea of Democracy. Liberal constitutionalism mainly propagates Toleration, Consent, Individualism, Minority Rights, etc.

(4) It is believed by various scholars of Comparative Politics that the American Presidential system operates most successfully in comparison to other Presidential government all over the world. The reason as claimed is the Minor Contradictions in American society.

(4) The House of Lords is the second chamber of the UK Parliament. It is independent from, and complements the work of the elected House of Commons. The Lords shares the task of making and shaping laws and checking and challenging the work of the government.

(1) Both the statement are correct and the reason statement is a correct explanation behind the assertion statement. The protection of human rights has significantly increased the requirement on the side of judiciary to increase its power and domain over the last one hundred years in liberal democracies.

(4) Max Weber distinguishes three types of authority—charismatic, traditional and legal-rational—each of which corresponds to a brand of leadership that is operative in contemporary society. Beliefs and symbols are the distinctive features of weber’s notion of authority.

(1) The interim government of 1946 was initially headed by the viceroy executive council. Jawaharlal Nehru became the Vice-President of that council and also the head of the interim government.

(2) Certiorari is issued by a higher court to a lower court or to any other tribune. It can’t be issued by one bench of the High Court to another bench of the High Court.

(3) Continuing mandamus is a writ issued by a court in an environmental case directing any agency or instrumentality of the government or officer thereof to perform an act or series of acts decreed by final judgment which shall remain effective until judgment is fully satisfied. This is issued by the supreme court in Vineet Narain Vs. Union of India Case.

(4) Gyani Zail Singh, President of India, exercised for the first time a pocket veto to prevent the Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill from becoming law. Pocket Veto give power to the president to hold bill in his office of indefinite period.

(1) Granville Austin in his book ‘Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a nation’ while commenting on India’s Federalism said “a new kind of federation to meet India’s peculiar needs”.

(2) Punjab was the state where Adi Ambedkar samaj occurred. This movement was a religious movement in Indianian aimed at bringing back Indian culture and traditions which were being washed away by the European culture which they had brought along when they had colonized Indian.

(2)
(Event) (Year)
Millennium Development Goals Report – 2011
National Commission for Women – 1992
Ministry of Women and Child Development – 2006
National Mission for Empowerment of Women – 2010

(1) Francine R. Frankel & M.S.A. Rao together wrote a book ‘Dominance and State Power in Modern India’. Through their work they gave a significant contribution to theories of the Interaction between social dominance and state power in contemporary India.

(1) Justice B.P Jeevan Reddy committee opposed the state funding of Election in India considering the status of Indian Economy and prevalence of poverty in India.

(4) The Tribune is an Indian English-language daily newspaper published from Amritsar, Bathinda, Chandigarh, New Delhi, Jalandhar and Ludhiana. It was founded on 2 February 1881, in Lahore, by Sardar Dyal Singh Majithia, a philanthropist, and is run by a trust comprising five persons as trustees.

(4) The Managerial view of Administration believes that administration comprises of the work of only those persons who are engaged in performing managerial functions in an organization. Luther Gulick, Herbert Simon, Victor Thomson and Henry Fayol belong to Managerial view of Public Administration.

(1) Wildavsky was a scholar on budgeting and budget theory. He is associated with the idea of incrementalism in budgeting. He defined budget as “a series of goals with price tags attached.

(2) Peter A. Pyhrr developed zero-based budgeting when he was a controller at Texas Instruments between 1969 and 1971. Zero-based budgeting starts from a “zero base” at the beginning of every budget period, analyzing needs and costs of every function within an organization and allocating funds accordingly, regardless of how much money has previously been budgeted to any given line item.

(1) The bureaucracy is categorised into four types by Morstein Marx viz., Guardian Bureaucracy, Caste bureaucracy, Patronage Bureaucracy, and Merit Bureaucracy.

(3) Mrs. Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister, advocated the concept of committed bureaucracy. She said only a committed bureaucracy can bring about the desired change.

(4) The primary object of an adjournment motion is to draw the attention of the House to a recent matter of urgent public importance.

(1) The legislative origins of the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments date back to the Constitution (64th Amendment) Bill, which was introduced in the parliament in July 1989. The introduction of this bill represented the first attempt to confer constitutional status on rural local governments.

(4)

(3) Balance of Power is an equilibrium or a certain amount of stability in power relations that under favourable conditions is produced by an alliance of states or by other devices. Balance of Power can be attained by amassing of weapons, by seizing of territory or by creating of buffer states. It can’t be attained by persuasion.

(3) NATO’s military intervention in Kosovo is a highly controversial issue due to its violation of the general rule in international law that prohibits the use of force, even in the case of a humanitarian crisis. Both Russia and China criticised NATO acting without UN approval.

(4) Along with Iraq’s alleged development of weapons of mass destruction, another justification for invasion was the purported link between Saddam Hussein’s government and terrorist organizations, in particular Al-Qaeda. In that sense, the Bush Administration cast the Iraq war as part of the broader War on Terrorism.

(1) Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) is a principle within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that acknowledges the different capabilities and differing responsibilities of individual countries in addressing climate change. It originated after the dialogue between developed and developing countries in the Kyoto Protocol.

(2) In early August 2008, after Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili sent troops into the rebellious province of South Ossetia, Russia came to its defense, beginning a five-day-long conflict. The roots of the Russia-Georgia conflict go back to the early 1990s, when both Russia and Georgia were newly independent nations after the dissolution of the USSR. Civil war erupted within Georgia, located to the south of Russia on the eastern shore of the Black Sea, when two provinces—South Ossetia in eastern Georgia, and Abkhazia, on the northwestern coast—sought to declare their own independence.

(4) Chester Barnard is one among the important contributor to the theory of Public Administration, but he is not considered as the father of Public administration. Woodroo Wilson is considered as the father of Public Administration.

(2) Aurobindo gosh wrote about Integral Yoga in his work. He was dedicated to develop a better human with help of Integral yoga. The idea of Integral yoga was related to rejuvenation of Human Soul.

(2) Mahatma Gandhi in his book Hind Swaraj wrote about the issue of cow in Indian society. And then he directed Hindu Indians to refrain from violence in the name of cow protection.

(3) Ram Manohar Lohia was critical of European concept of Socialism, he believed that it is not correct for Indian Society. Hence he reviewed the flaws of European Socialism and presented a New Socialism which is relevant for Indian Society.

(2) Ambedkar in his multiple work criticised the caste system established by Hindu Varnavyavastha. He believes that it is an immoral social organisation. He also said in his ‘Annihilation of Caste’ that Hindu society is a myth.

(1) Yes, Comparative Politics is a systematic study of world’s Political systems and their comparisons. The main objective of Comparative Politics is to explain the differences and similarities among numbers of Political systems. Both the statements are correct and Reason statement is correct explanation behind the assertion.

(2) Yes, its true that all democratic regimes have a constitution sort of detailed, written or conventionas-based. Another feature of democratic regimes is their limitations and responsibilities. Both the statement are correct and but Reason statement is not a correct explanation behind the assertion.

(1) Tyranny of the Majority is against the principle of democracy. Majoritarianism result into division of society. It usually develop conflict among majority and minority. It leads to the exploitation of minority by majority forces. The most disastrous consequence of Tyranny of Majority is Civil War For Example Sri Lanka experienced a civil war between Sinhala and Tamils.

(2) Participatory Democracy calls for the Participation and contribution of citizens in the governance of the country. It require people to play an active political role. It requires greater political awareness among people. Participatory Democracy can survive just on Voting.

(3) The book “Introduction to the study of the law of the constitution” was written by A.V Dicey in year 1885. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.