(4) According to Plato things are a reflection of Ideas and not visa-versa. In his theory of Form, Plato elaborated the importance of Ideas and how they shape the world around us.

(3) Hegel said that Machiavelli is the man of genius who saw the need for uniting a chaotic collection of small and feeble principalities into a coherent whole. He also stated that “ The march of world history stands outside virtue, vice and justice.”

(1)
 (Author) (Books)
Quentin Skinner- The Foundations of Modern Political Thought
Michael Sandel – Liberalism and the Limits of Justice
Giovanni Sartori- Democratic Theory
Charles Taylor – Philosophy and Human Sciences

(1) Sushila Ramaswamy in her book ‘Political Theory: Idea and Concept’ wrote that “Germino considers Marxism to be an ideology rather than a political theory.”

(c) The correct chronology of Berlin’s work is:
Karl Marx: His Life – 1939 and Environment
Four Essays on Liberty – 1969
Vico and Herder: Two – 1976 Studies in the History of Ideas
Concept and Categories: – 1978 Philosophical Essays

(1) In A Theory of Justice, Rawls explicitly states that “society is a cooperative venture for mutual advantage”. The characterization of a society as a cooperative venture for mutual advantage seems to imply that the society has some sort of collective identity.

(1) Rousseau formulates the famous thesis, “If nature destined man to be healthy, I venture to declare that a state of reflection is a state contrary to nature, and that a thinking man is a depraved animal.” The reason behind it is that Common emotions give value to life.

(4) M.K Gandhi although support the social order of Varnavyavastha mentioned in Hinduism, but he clearly rejected the idea that people are born to particular caste due to divine reward or punishment for their Karma. He just supported the functional or occupational distribution suggested by Varna Vyavastha.

(3) According to David Easton, research ought to be systematic, i.e., theory and research are to be seen as closely intertwined parts of a coherent and orderly body of knowledge. In his words, “research untutored by theory may prove trivial, and theory unsupported by data, futile”.

(1) According to Fransis Fukuyama, the earlier forms of government were characterised by grave defects and irrationalities that led to their eventual collapse. Hence, The liberal democracy according to him may constitute the end point of mankind’s ideological evolution.

(3) W.T Bluhm in his work ‘Theories of the Political System’ mentioned that political theory stands for an abstract model of the political order.

(4) The Anglo-US model is based on a system of individual or institutional shareholders that are outsiders of the corporation. The other key players that make up the three sides of the corporate governance triangle in the Anglo-US model are management and the board of directors. It is within the domain of Behavioural theories.

(4) Green’s concept of freedom is not negative. He says freedom does not consist in the absence of restraint or compulsion. Green’s theory of liberty, secondly, is a positive thing. It is a positive power of doing or enjoying something north doing or enjoying. Individuals will enjoy freedom in cooperation with other fellow-citizens. This views are against the Classical liberal notion of liberty.

(2) Friedrich Hayek in his criticism to the Idea of social justice of John Rawls claimed that it is like a mirage. By this he means to establish that the idea of Social justice is unachievable and an illusion.

(1) Andrew Heywood in his famous publication ‘Political Ideologies’ quoted that “Ideology should neither be thought of as liberating or oppressive, nor as true or false. It can be any of these things.

(2) A-(IV) B-(III) C-(II) D-(I)
(Year) (Event)
1917– Mao met Liu Shao-Chi
1918– Mao became a Library Assistant
in Peking University
1921– Mao participated in the first Congress of the CCP
1934– Mao started his historic ‘Long March’.

(1)
(Philosopher) (Idea)
Machiavelli – Moral Indifference
Hobbes – Instinct of self-preservation
Locke – Natural Right to Property
Rousseau – Revolt against Reason

(3) The obiter dictum of Gandhi, ‘Most religious men I have met are politicians in disguise. I, however, who wear the guise of a politician, am at heart, a religious man,’ remains the key to the value system of the political philosophy that he adhered to.

(3) For Plato Knowledge is Virtue and not perception. So the Statement R is false. Assertion statement is correct as Plato based his theory of Ideas is centred around the concept of Knowledge of the idea of a form.

(2) G.H Sabine in his book ‘The History of Political theory’ quoted that “Aristotle’s new general science of politics was not only empirical and descriptive, but even in some respects independent of any ethical purpose, since a statesman might need to be expert in governing even a bad state.”

(4) The Oligarchic system of government contains few individuals who run the government take important decision. They constitute Political Elite class. Similarly in Aristocracy, Aristocrats play a significant role in Ruling.

(2) Arthur Bentley is credited with the first modem articulation of politics through the field of comparative politics. He was among those scholars who created the foundation Comparative study of Politics as a discipline.

(1) The level of Political Socialization of a society is studied in Comparative Politics. Political socialization helps in examining the formal and informal mechanisms by which political attitudes are inculcated.

(1) Max Weber and R.R Rostow gave the principles of administration. Both of believes that Any kind of Political Development is either a type of Administrative development or a Legal Development.

(4) Britain is the first country to have parliamentary democracy. Hence, the first Prime Minister of Britain can be considered as the first ever Pm in Parliamentary Government. This appellation is traditionally given to Sir Robert Walpole, who became First Lord of the Treasury of Great Britain in 1721.

(2) The institutional approach to comparative political analysis, simply put, is a comparative study of institutions. The nature (comparative) and subject matter (institutions) of study are thus quite evident. A significant component of these studies was the concern to study ‘practice’ through an analysis of ‘facts’ about the working of governments. This effort was sustained by later comparativists like Herman Finer (Theory and Practice Institutional Approach of Modern Government, 1932) and Carl Friedrich (Constitutional Government and Democracy, 1932).

(3) The correct sequence of Revolutions is:
Puritan Revolution – 1653–58
Bolshevik Revolution – 1917
Chinese Revolution – 1949
Cuban Revolution – 1953–59

(3) Almond in his system theory included following inputs – Political socialization and recruitment, Interest articulation, Interest aggregation and last one is Political Communication.

(1) The “iron law of oligarchy” states that all forms of organization regardless of how democratic they may be at the start, will eventually and inevitably develop oligarchic tendencies, thus making true democracy practically and theoretically impossible, especially in large groups and complex organizations.

(2) Yes, Its true that presence of social cleavages and Social fragmentation results into Political instability. And this instability sometimes became the reason behind the military predominance in non-western democracies. Both the statements are true, but reason statement is not an appropriate reason behind the assertion statement.

(4) According to John Locke the Right to Property is a natural right which include within; Right to life, liberty and Estate.

(2) General will is what a fullyinformed body politic (community of citizens) would unanimously do if, by using good reasoning and judgment unclouded by bias and emotion, it would make general laws and decisions intended to ensure the common good.

(4) Mill distinguishes higher and lower pleasures in his essay on “Utilitarianism.” Presumably higher pleasures are generally more intellectual pleasures and lower pleasures are more sensual pleasures. Mill’s utilitarianism is an ethics that says the highest good is what produces the most pleasure. Hence its a subjective concept and not objective.

(1) The correct sequence of
Amartya Sen publications:
Choice, welfare and Measurement – 1982
Inequality Reexamined – 1992
Development as Freedom – 1999
Idea of Justice – 2009

(1) Yes, it’s true that there was resonance in the revolutionary ideas of Mazzini and Aurobindo. Both of them claimed that faith in God is the basis of morality. Hence religious moral principles should not be separated from Politics.

(2) General System theory was evolved by Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1968. This model subsequently adopted by various disciplines of social science in following sequence; Anthropology, Sociology, Psychology and Political Science.

(4) Habermas’s concept of “legitimation crisis” refers to periods when, “the ‘organizational principle’ of a society does not permit the resolution of problems that are critical for its continued existence.”

(3) Any constitution of a country majorly deals with the national Security. The issues of Trans-national security is dealt by multilateral cooperation.

(1) Vilfredo Federico Damaso was an Italian engineer, sociologist, economist, political scientist, and philosopher. Gaetano Mosca was an Italian political scientist, journalist and public servant. He is credited with developing the elite theory and the doctrine of the political class and is one of the three members constituting the Italian school of elitism together with Vilfredo Pareto and Robert Michels.

(4) James Coleman is credited with the foundation of Social Theory. His research topic did not involve classification interest or pressure group.

(4) Susan Strange wrote a book ‘The retreat of State’. The central argument of the book is that the state is retreating in the face of the superior power of globalization.

(4) Stephen Walt has written that even in the post–Cold War period, “realism is likely to remain the single most useful instrument in our intellectual toolbox” for understanding world politics.

(4) Five Principal Assumptions of Balance of Power are:
(a) Firstly, Balance of Power assumes that states are determined to protect their vital rights and interests by all means, including war.
(b) Secondly, vital interests of the states are threatened.
(c) The relative power position of states can be measured with a degree of accuracy.
(d) Balance of Power assumes that “balance” will either deter the threatening state from launching an attack or permit the victim to avoid defeat if an attack should occur.
(e) The statesmen can, and they do make foreign policy decisions intelligently on basis of power considerations.

(1) According to McLean and McMillan “Power is the ability to make people do what they would not otherwise have done”. Morgenthau Defined power as man’s control over the minds and actions of other men. George Schwarzerberger Defined power as the capacity to impose one’s will on others by reliance on effective sanctions in the case of non-compliance. Van Dyke said that “It is not so much the absolute power of a state as its power position in relation to other states that counts.”

(3) Article 25 of the UN Charter directs all nation that “The Members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council in accordance with the present Charter.”

(2) India has neither signed nor ratified the Rome Statute on the International Criminal Court (ICC). The reason is that the Rome Statute on the International Criminal Court (ICC) defines war crimes including the ‘armed conflict not of an international character’.

(1) 1 July 2002, in accordance with article 126. The Statute was adopted on 17 July 1998 by the United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court.

(1) The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Optional Protocol (A/RES/61/106) was adopted on 13 December 2006 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, and was opened for signature on 30 March 2007. The Convention entered into force on 3 May 2008. It takes to a new height the movement from viewing persons with disabilities as “objects” of charity, medical treatment and social protection towards viewing persons with disabilities as “subjects” with rights, who are capable of claiming those rights and making decisions for their lives based on their free and informed consent as well as being active members of society.

(1)
(Committee of the General Assembly of UN) (Issues related to Committee)
First Committee – Disarmament and international security
Second Committee – Economic and financial
Third Committee – Social, humanitarian and cultural
Fourth Committee – Special political and decolonisation

(2) Yes, Religious fundamentalism is posing a threat to security. It is a creating condition for terrorism. It is believed by various scholars that the end of the cold war has shifted the ideological politics in international relations in significant way.

(2) The United Progressive Alliance, led by the Indian National Congress, won 59 seats, 44 (8.1%) of which were won by the Congress, that won 19.3% of all votes. It was the Congress party’s worst defeat in a general election. UPA won 54 seats and 23 percent vote share.

(1) (Author) (Book)
R.M. Jenkins – Regional Reflections Comparing Politics Across India’s States
Myron Weiner (ed) – State Politics in India
Christophe Jafferlot – India’s Silent Revolution: The rise of the Low Castes in North Indian Politics
R. Brass – Language Religion and Politics in North India

(4) Electoral Politics in PostCongress Polity is written by Yogendra Yadav not by James Manor.

(2) In his book ‘Discovery of India’ Jawaharlal Nehru quoted that “In the context of society today, the caste system and much that goes with it are wholly incompatible, reactionary, restrictive, and barriers to progress.”

(3) Munsiff court is the lowest court of appeal for civil cases in the district. It has the authority to try the offence under certain pecuniary limits. Munsiff Magistrate/ Judicial Collector have control over these courts. The territorial jurisdiction of the District Munsiff Court was prescribed by the State Government.

(2) (Books) (Authors)
The Art of Judgment: A Study of Policy Making – Sir Geoffrey Vickers
Understanding Public Policy – Thomas R. Dye
The New Science of Management Decision – Herbert Simon
Personality and Organization – Chris Argyris

(1) The Public Accounts Committee consists of not more than twentytwo members, fifteen elected by Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament, and not more than seven members of Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament.

(3) Horizontal grouping of specialized activities is attained in an organization that is Decentralized in Nature. The nature of decentralization provide appropriate space for horizontal grouping.

(4) The Right to Information Act 2005 came into force in October 2005. The act is available to only Indian Citizens.

(2) The cause mentioned for disciplinary action against public servants by L.D. White includes; Inefficiency, Immorality and Intoxication.

(4) Thomas Carlyle was a Scottish philosopher, satirical writer, essayist, translator, historian, mathematician, and teacher. Considered one of the most important social commentators of his time, he presented many lectures during his lifetime with certain acclaim in the Victorian era. He never presented any kind of behavioural theory of organisation.

(1) Herbert Simon suggested for the first time the decision-making model of human beings. His model of decisionmaking has three stages:
• Intelligence which deals with the problem identification and data collection on the problem.
• Design which deals with the generation of alternative solutions to the problem at hand.
• Choice which is selecting the ‘best’ solution from amongst the alternative solutions using some criterion.
This process makes decision making a Rational activity.

(3) Riggs classified societies into agricultural and industrial societies i.e. the agrarian and the industrial. The models were developed to study the political and administrative transitions in such societies. The features of the agraria were described as follows:
• Ascriptive, particularistic and diffuse patterns were predominant in such societies
• Limited social and spatial mobility
• Relatively simple and stable occupational differentiation
• Existence of differential stratification system

(2) Yes, it’s true that the issue of decentralisation is more complex in concept and practice than it is generally acknowledged. The dual role approach to decentralisation is a kind of rehearsal of the area function dichotomy in a new setting.’

(1) Scientific management involves the application of a scientific approach to managerial decision making (consisting of-collection of data, an analysis of data and basing decisions on the outcome of such analyses); and discarding at the same time, all unscientific approaches, like–rule of thumb, a hit or miss approach and a trial and error approach. It doesn’t include efficiency evaluation experts.

(3) The acceptance of authority in organizations, according to Barnard, depends upon the zone of indifference. If the orders for action are arranged in order of their acceptability to the person affected, they fall under three categories viz. Those which will clearly be unacceptable. Those which are on neutral line. Those which are unquestionably acceptable.

(2) Prof W.A. Robson has summarized its defects in the following words “The maladies from which bureaucracy most frequently suffers are an excessive sense of self- importance on the part of officials or an undue idea of the importance of their office; an indifference towards the feeling or the convenience of individual.

(2) Max Weber, the famous German sociologist, first drew our attention to the enormous importance of bureaucracy in the administrative systems of capitalist states. In his opinion, capitalism provided an impetus to the expansion of rational administration. In his noted work Economy and Society. he has further said that day after day the public administration of all industrialised capitalist states is constantly being bureaucratised. Riggs had extensively studied the administrative systems of several countries in a comparative way. He said that in the administrative system of every country there is an ineluctable influence of environment on administration and, hence, any comparative public administration must take note of it.

(2) Upward Communication is the process of information flowing from the lower levels of a hierarchy to the upper levels. It can become better if; Management start giving evidence that it is really interested in the opinions of employees and Chief executive act upon the ideas and problems reported to him.

(2) The Arthashastra states that an increase in expenditure and lower revenue collection (parihapan) was an indication of embezzlement of funds by corrupt officials. Kautilya provides a comprehensive list of 40 kinds of embezzlement. In all these cases, the concerned functionaries such as the treasurer (nidhayaka), the prescriber (nibandhak), the receiver (pratigrahaka), the payer (dayak), the person who caused the payment (deepika) and the ministerial servants (mantri-vaiyavrityakara) were to be separately interrogated.

(2) The Non-Alignment policy was originated while considering the world order during the Cold War era. Hence, It automatically became significantly relevant during that phase. The Countries which were part of Non-Alignment movement are culturally heterogeneous. But this has nothing to do with the relevancy of Nonalignment during the Cold War.

(2) America being a democratic country usually give preference to the democratic principles in its foreign policy, But at times we have noticed events, where American government has tool sides with undemocratic regimes. For example its relation with Saudi Arabia is well established.

(4) The Dependency theory believes that Industrialization has led to the creation of new forms of Colonization and inequality in world order. They expressed this as Neo-Colonialism.

(3) General Assembly resolution 377(V) is known as the Uniting for peace resolution. Adopted in 1950, the resolution resolves that if the Security Council, because of lack of unanimity of the permanent members, fails to exercise its primary responsibility to act as required to maintain international peace and security. The General Assembly shall consider the matter immediately with a view to making recommendations to Members in order to restore international peace and security. The Uniting for Peace resolution was adopted on the recommendation of Acheson report. Hence it is also known as Acheson Plan.

(4) Balance of power in international relations, the posture and policy of a nation or group of nations protecting itself against another nation or group of nations by matching its power against the power of the other side. This belongs to Realist approach of International Relations.

(1) Inis Lothair Claude, Jr. was a leading scholar in international relations and international organizations. According to him Arms Control can’t be considered as a device for the management of power. He believes that Collective security, World Government and Balance of Power are only available source for the Management of the Power.

(3) The members of the G20 are: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, and the European Union. Out of these 20, 7 belong to Asia

(3) The Peace of Westphalia established important political precedents for state sovereignty, inter-state diplomacy, and balance of power in Europe. The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties which were signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster, largely ending the European wars of religion, including the Thirty Years’ War.

(3) The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations. The ECOSOC has 54 members. The General Assembly selects 18 new members for ECOSOC each year for a term of 3 years with a provision that a retiring member can be re-elected. It holds one seven-week session each year in July, and since 1998, it has also held an annual meeting in April with Finance ministers heading key committees of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

(2) According to Karen. A. Ming the conditions essentialfor first generation peacekeeping operations involve. Having a clear and practical mandate or purpose for the operation. It also requires consent of the parties involved as to the mandate and composition of the force. Another Important element is strong financial and logistical support of the members of the UN Security Council.

(1) Jean Bodin In his book ‘On Sovereignty’ quoted that “Sovereignty is the supreme power of State, over citizens and subjects unhindered by law”. The book was published in 1992.

(1) The Pluralist view of the state that it is neutral in nature. It is also supposed that the state is vulnerable to numerous influences from various groups in the society. Pluralists stated that sovereignty resides not with the state but it resides with many other institutions. They Believe that the State is one among several associations.

(1) Eric Voegelin’s work is variously described as a philosophy of politics, a philosophy of history, or a philosophy of consciousness, but he most often characterized his work as political science and himself as a political philosopher.

(2) Social democracy, political ideology that originally advocated a peaceful evolutionary transition of society from capitalism to socialism using established political processes. It propagates the principle of Welfarism, redistribution and social justice.

(2) Schumpeter defined democracy as the method by which people elected representatives in competitive elections to carry out their will. Schumpeter’s view of democracy has been described as “elitist”, as he criticizes the rationality and knowledge of voters, and expresses a preference for politicians taking decisions

(1) Primitive communism is a concept originating from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels who argued that huntergatherer societies were traditionally based on egalitarian social relations and common ownership. In Marx’s model of socioeconomic structures, societies with primitive communism had no hierarchical social class structures or capital accumulation.

(4) In the simplest language democratic socialism means the blending of socialist and democratic methods together in order to build up an acceptable and viable political and economic structure. Democratic socialism is a child of modern society. It struggles against the evils that flow from private property, yet realises that all forms of private property are not necessarily evil.

(4) Dialectical materialism, a philosophical approach to reality derived from the teachings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. For Marx and Engels, materialism meant that the material world, perceptible to the senses, has objective reality independent of mind or spirit. They did not deny the reality of mental or spiritual processes but affirmed that ideas could arise, therefore, only as products and reflections of material conditions. The dialectic talks about past, present as well as future understanding.

(3) The pamphlet the foundations of Leninism contains a definition of Leninism which seems to have received general recognition. It runs as follows: “Leninism is Marxism of the era of imperialism and the proletarian revolution. To be more exact, Leninism is the theory and tactics of the proletarian revolution in general, the theory and tactics of the dictatorship of the proletariat in particular”. This is how Stalin define Leninism.

(2) The eight characteristics features of behaviouralism as given by David Easton are as follows: (1) Regularities; (2) Verification; (3) Techniques; (4) Quantification; (5) Values; (6) Systematisation; (7) Pure Science; and (8) Integration.

(2) Mahatma Gandhi, South Africa and Satyagraha. Articles – On and By Gandhi. A century ago, on 10 January 1908, M. K. Gandhi, an attorney with a lucrative practice in Johannesburg, appeared before the magistrate’s court for defying an antiAsiatic law and disobeying an order to leave the Transvaal within 48 hours.

(a) Charles. E. Merriam – New aspects of Politics
Heinz Eulan – The behavioural persuasion in politics
Leo Strauss – What is political philosophy? And other studies
D. Truman – The government process

(1) Plato and Aristotle are considered as the founder of philosophical approach of political philosophy. Both of them belong to Greek school of political thoughts. They provided there model of political state for Greek city states.

(2) Max Weber argued that the bureaucratic organizational form is characterized by six features:
1) Specialization and Division of Labor;
2) Hierarchical Authority Structures;
3) Rules and Regulations;
4) Technical Competence Guidelines;
5) Impersonality and Personal Indifference;
6) A Standard of Formal.

(4) According to Almond and Verba’s 1963 study, there are three basic types of political culture: parochial, subject, and participatory. Theories developed by other political and social scientists explain how political culture takes root and is passed down from generation to generation through political socialization.

(2)
Homogeneous Culture – U.K
Elite Mass Culture – India
Subject Political culture – China
Parochial Culture – Uganda

(3)

(3) 91st amendment act states that the size of the council of ministers and the respective state governments should not be more than 15% (Fifteen Percent) of the total members of lower house (i.e. 15% strength of Lok Sabha in the parliament and 15% strength of lower houses of respective states legislatures (the minimum strength in the case of small states (Sikkim, Mizoram, Goa) is being 12 due to lower strength of the Legislative assembly of that states) Sikkim-32, Mizoram-40, Goa-40.

(2) Government sets up Dileep Singh Bhuria Committee for extending the provisions of 73rd and 74th amendments to scheduled areas in 1994. In January 1995 Bhuria Committee submits its report. It recommends Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas (PESA) for rural tribal areas and Municipalities Extension to the Scheduled Areas (MESA) for urban tribal areas.

(3) Behavioural approach to politics or behaviouralism denotes that it is an “attempt to improve our understanding of politics by seeking to explain the empirical aspects of political life by means of methods, theories and criteria of proof that are acceptable according to the canons, conventions and assumption of modern empirical science.” Behavioural approach inquire about public choice and their political opinion.