Ans: 1) B, D, C, A, E

Explanation:

B) Anandpur Sahib Resolution – 1973 (not an agreement, but a resolution)

D) Shillong Agreement – 1975

C) Rajiv Gandhi–Longowal Accord – 1985

A) Assam Accord – 1985

E) Mizo Peace Accord – 1986

Correct chronological order: B, D, C, A, E

ANS: 1) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
EXPLANATION:
A. Universal suffrage – III. The right to vote which is not restricted by race, gender, belief, or social status.
B. Majoritarian electoral system – IV. An electoral system in which the candidates or parties that receive the most votes win.
C. Single member district plurality system – II. An electoral system in which individuals cast a single vote for a candidate in a single-member district.
D. Alternate Vote – I. A form of majoritarian electoral systems that involves preferential voting.
The correct match is: A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I.

Ans: 2) A, D and E only
Explanation:
Right-wing views emphasize personal responsibility (A), criticize welfare dependency (D), and are skeptical of state intervention (E).

Ans: 3) A & D only
Explanation:
A is correct – SC women’s seat reservation ends after 15 years.
D is correct – Reserved seats will rotate among constituencies.
B is wrong – Bill covers both Lok Sabha and state assemblies.
C is wrong – It doesn’t limit SC women’s reservation to assemblies only.

Ans: 3) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
EXPLANATION

Ans: 4) A & D only
Explanation:
A is correct – Pro-business supports established producers.
D is correct – Pro-market helps new entrants and consumers.
B and C are incorrect as they misrepresent the core distinctions.

Ans: 4) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
EXPLANATION:

Ans: 3) Filibustering
Explanation:
Filibustering is a legislative delay tactic used by representatives, not a tool of direct citizen participation.
Referendum, Recall, and Initiative are all core elements of direct democracy.

Ans: 4) A, B & C
Explanation:
A – Conflict is natural in society and politics.
B – Protests alone can’t fully eliminate violence in conflicts.
C – Non-violent action includes protest, non-cooperation, and intervention.
D is incorrect – Non-violence doesn’t guarantee success.

Correct Answer: 3) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect

Explanation:
Statement I: Correct

“The transformation of India’s economy has not been as dramatic as that of post-communist countries in Eastern Europe.”
This is true. Post-communist Eastern European countries underwent rapid and sweeping economic reforms (privatization, liberalization, integration with the EU), whereas India’s reforms have been more gradual and incremental since 1991.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect

“India has produced growth rates as high as those of China in 2010s.”
This is false. Although India had strong growth, China consistently maintained higher average growth rates in the 2010s, often exceeding 6–7%, especially in the earlier part of the decade. India had years of high growth but not consistently matching China.

Final Answer: Option 3
Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect.

Correct Answer: 3) A, B and D only

Explanation of Each Statement:
A) “All references to human nature should be subjected to the strictest scrutiny and viewed with a healthy dose of scepticism.”
✔ Correct
This aligns directly with Bhikhu Parekh’s perspective. He critiques essentialist or universalist claims about human nature and insists they must be examined critically.

B) “Human beings are culturally embedded, in the sense that they are born into, raised in and deeply shaped by their cultural communities.”
✔ Correct
Parekh strongly argues that individuals are products of their cultural environments, and our identities, values, and perceptions are shaped by the culture we live in.

C) “Regardless of their different cultural contexts, human beings behave more or less in a uniform manner when it comes to critical matters.”
✗ Incorrect
This contradicts Parekh’s belief. He rejects the idea of universal behavior and emphasizes cultural diversity in how people interpret and respond to various situations.

D) “Although skin colour, gender, height and other physical features are universally shared, they are all differently conceptualized and acquire different meaning and significance in different societies.”
✔ Correct
This captures Parekh’s view that biological traits acquire meaning through cultural lenses. For example, skin color might carry different social significance in different societies.

E. “Skin colour is given a deep metaphysical meaning and made the basis of a differential distribution of power and status in all societies.”
❌ Incorrect
While this might be true in many societies, Parekh does not claim it’s universal across all. He focuses on cultural variability, not making generalized claims about all societies.

Final Answer: 3) A, B and D only
These statements best represent Bhikhu Parekh’s conception of human nature, emphasizing:

Skepticism toward essentialist views

Cultural embeddedness

Variability in social meaning of physical traits.

The correct answer is: 4) A, B, C, D

Let’s break down why each statement is correct about Rani Gaidinliu:

A) She belonged to Rongmei Tribe
Yes, Rani Gaidinliu was from the Rongmei (a sub-group of the Zeliangrong Naga) tribe of Manipur.

B) She was associated with Heraka movement
She joined the Heraka Movement at the age of 13 under the leadership of her cousin Haipou Jadonang.

The Heraka Movement was a socio-religious and political movement that opposed British rule and Christian missionary influence.

C) She preached Gandhian Principles
Influenced by Mahatma Gandhi, she preached non-violence, non-cooperation, and refusal to pay taxes.

She was called the “daughter of the hills” by Nehru.

D) She used guerrilla warfare against the British
Though she initially followed Gandhian methods, she later took up arms and led guerrilla warfare against British forces in Manipur and Assam, particularly in the Cachar Hills and Hangrum Village.

Final Answer:
4) A, B, C, D — All the statements are correct.

Ans: 1) G. Austin
Explanation: In Granville Austin’s words four members – Maulana Azad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. Rejendra Prasad formed “an oligarchy within the Constituent Assembly.”

Nehru, Patel, Prasad, and Azad held influential positions within the Indian National Congress and the Congress Party, which had a majority in the Constituent Assembly. Their positions of power allowed them to shape and influence the decision-making process.

Granville Austin also made this remark – “The Constituent Assembly was a one-party body in an essentially one-party country. The Assembly was the Congress and the Congress was India.”

Ans: 3) John Dewey
Explanation: John Dewey in his book Democracy and Education said –
“Every society gets encumbered with what is trivial, with dead wood from the past, and with what is positively perverse”.
In simple terms, this statement means that every society, over time, accumulates things that are not really important or useful (trivial). It also tends to hold onto outdated or unnecessary things from the past (dead wood).
Additionally, societies sometimes adopt or develop ideas or behaviors that are harmful or counterproductive (positively perverse).

The correct answer is: 2) Rahul Mukerji

Explanation:
Rahul Mukherji (note: often spelled “Mukerji” in citations) is known for describing India’s 1991 New Economic Policy as a “tipping point transformation.”

He does this in his research article titled:

“Ideas, Interests, and the Tipping Point: Economic Change in India”

Key Points from Mukherji’s Argument:
The 1991 economic reforms marked a tipping point in Indian economic history.

Change was not sudden or externally imposed—it was the culmination of gradual internal ideational and policy shifts.

Indian technocrats and policymakers, influenced by internal experiences and international models, had already begun formulating liberal economic ideas since the mid-1970s.

The 1991 Balance of Payments crisis became the trigger or tipping point that allowed those ideas to be implemented on a wide scale.

This led to the LPG (Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization) reforms that significantly transformed India’s economy.

Why not the others?
Thinker Known For
Atul Kohli Political institutions and state capacity in India (less emphasis on 1991 as “tipping point”)
Louise Tillin Federalism and regional politics
Ashutosh Varshney Ethnic conflict, democracy in India

Final Answer: 2) Rahul Mukerji

The correct answer is: 3) C and D only

Explanation:
Rahul Mukherji in his book Political Economy of Reforms in India makes the following points:

True Statements:
C. Ideational changes of 1980s were important to understand globalization of economy in 1991

Mukherji highlights a significant ideational shift in the 1980s that questioned the earlier Import-Substitution Industrialization (ISI) model.

Policymakers began to see the limitations of the state-led model.

Success stories from East Asia influenced the recognition of the benefits of a more open and globally integrated economy.

This ideational change was crucial to understanding the reforms and globalization process in 1991.

D. State-driven nationalization demands a powerful state

Nationalization requires a strong state apparatus capable of managing industries, regulating sectors, and enforcing policies.

A powerful state with legal and administrative capacity is essential to drive such processes effectively.

False Statements:
A. India’s economy does follow the typical East Asian Path

India’s economic path before 1991 was different from East Asian economies.

East Asian economies emphasized export-oriented growth and market orientation.

India had a mixed economy with heavier state intervention and focus on domestic demand.

Hence, this statement is incorrect according to Mukherji.

B. BoP crisis of 1991 was an internal shock

The 1991 Balance of Payments crisis was caused by both internal and external factors.

Internal: Large fiscal deficits, debt accumulation, overvalued currency.

External: Oil price shocks, Gulf War crisis.

Therefore, it was not purely an internal shock, making this statement incorrect.

Summary Table:
Statement    Correct/Incorrect         Reason
A                 Incorrect               India’s economy did NOT follow typical East Asian path pre-1991.
B                 Incorrect               BoP crisis was due to internal + external shocks.
C                 Correct                 Ideational changes in 1980s key to understanding 1991 reforms.
D                 Correct                 Nationalization requires a strong, capable state.

Final answer: 3) C and D only

The correct answer is:
1) Both Statement I and Statement II are true

Explanation:
Statement I:

Both Social Action and Social Reforms aim at normative ends, i.e., they are guided by values and ideals such as justice, equality, and welfare.

Social Action is a broad set of intentional activities aimed at social change or solving social problems.

Social Reform is a focused subset of social action, aimed at changing specific social structures or practices.

Statement II:

Social Reform is just one part of Social Action.

The scope of Social Action is broader, including activism, advocacy, community organizing, volunteering, and more.

Social Action covers multiple fields and approaches to achieve social transformation, not just reforms.

Hence, both statements are true.

Ans: 3) Dalit feminist literary movement
Explanation: Young Dalit feminists in Mumbai formed the Mahila Sansad, and by the mid-1990s, they had formed a forum of the Dalit feminist literary movement = Samvadini – Dalit Stree Sahitya Manch.

The Samvadini movement emerged out of a need for a platform for Dalit women to write about their experiences of caste and gender discrimination. The movement’s writers have written about a wide range of topics, including their experiences of violence, poverty, and exploitation. They have also written about their struggles for equality and social justice.

The Samvadini movement is a significant example of the power of literature to challenge social injustice. The movement’s writers have used their words to give voice to the experiences of Dalit women, and they have helped to bring about positive change in Indian society.

Ans: 3) A, B, D, C
Explanation: Correct Chronological Sequence of Women’s Associations are as
follows:
A) Sakhi Samiti – 1886
B) Women’s India Association – 1917
D) National Council of women in India – 1925
C) All India Women’s conference – 1927

Ans: 2) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
Explanation: These are Concepts by Scholars to describe various phenomenon of State Politics in India:
Fragmentation in the coalition dominant interests – Pranab Bardhan
Second dominant party system – Subrata Mitra and Jivanta Schotlli
Parties of Pressure – Rajni Kothari
Ethnic Parties – Kanchan Chandra

Ans: 1) Neera Chandhoke
Explanation: ▪ The context of this question is how collaboration between NGOs and grassroots social movements can lead to changes in the political agendas of the NGOs.
When NGOs work together with local groups fighting for important causes, their plans for what they want to achieve politically can change.
Neera Chandhoke explains that when NGOs and these groups team up closely, the NGOs can adjust their goals to match what the groups are trying to achieve.
For instance, there’s an example she gives about ARCH-Vahini, an NGO that which focuses on areas of rural health and development in Gujarat.
At first, members of ARCH-Vahini supported the goals of the Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) movement that aimed to protect people from the dam
project.
But as time passed, ARCH-Vahini began to doubt the way the NBA leaders were doing things.
This shift in their perspective led to accusations of having an ARCH-Vahini “NGO mindset”, that is, not understanding the local people’s feelings.
Therefore, this shows us that when NGOs get involved with these groups, their ideas about what they should do politically can change based on how the group is working.

Ans: 3) C, D, B, A
Explanation: Political Parties in a chronological order according to their Year of Formation:
CPI (M) – 1964
Shiv Sena – 1966
Bharatiya Janata Party – 1980
Samajwadi Party – 1992

Ans: 3) Women from upper caste carrying out a silent revolution.
Explanation:
This statement is incorrect because the “silent revolution” in Indian democracy refers to the empowerment of marginalized and lower caste women, not upper caste women.
Deepening of democracy in India has been marked by women’s political participation as community representatives, articulation of their voice, and engagement in public life — not by elite groups.

Ans: 3) Rajni Kothari
Explanation: In the given quote, Rajni Kothari points out the distinction between the Congress party’s dominance during Nehru’s era and its dominance under Indira Gandhi.
Rajni Kothari mentions that Indian National Congress (INC) party, started as a movement that fought for India’s independence, symbolizing a broader national struggle. However, as time went on, especially while Nehru was still alive, the Congress party shifted from being primarily a movement with a broad focus to becoming more focused on being a political party and a governing entity engaged in government affairs.
Rajni Kothari further highlights that under Indira Gandhi’s leadership, the transformation continued. The Congress party’s identity as a broad-based political party also gradually faded, and it became increasingly synonymous with being in power as the government.
Later, during the Emergency period (1975-1977), even the government’s mechanisms seemed to dissolve, leaving behind a more centralized and exclusive decision-making group, referred to as a “caucus.“
Kothari calls this transformation – “The Indian party system appears to have moved full circle.”

Ans: 2) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
Explanation: The Given Books and their Authors matched correctly:-
Politics and Ethics of the Indian Constitution – Rajiv Bhargava
The Indian Parliament – B.L. Shankar and Valerian Rodrigues
Federal Government – K. C. Wheare
Indian Constitution: A Cornerstone of a Nation – Granville Austin

Ans: 4) A, C and D only
Explanation:
M.N. Srinivas observed key trends in caste politics in India:

A) Horizontal solidarity: Caste groups developed unity across regions due to modern tools like communication and media.

C) Vertical solidarity: Traditionally, different castes were linked in a hierarchical system through interdependence.

D) Competition among castes: Caste groups competed for political and economic benefits, especially under democratic and representational politics.

✘ B is incorrect — Modern technology actually strengthened caste solidarity by enhancing communication, organization, and political mobilization.

Ans: 2) Louisie Tillin
Explanation: The book “Remapping India: New States and Their Political Origins” by Louise Tillin draws attention to two significant points:
Firstly, it takes a look at the role of new social movements in contributing to the decline of the Indian National Congress Party’s dominance, particularly the concept of ‘one-party dominance,’ starting from the early 1970s.
Secondly, it highlights the emergence of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) as a contender to the Congress’s political supremacy, which became more pronounced after 1980.
Remapping India looks at the most recent episode of state creation in 2000,
when the states of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand came into being.
How their creation represented a new turn in the history of the country’s territorial organisation.
This book explains the politics that lay behind this episode of ‘post-linguistic’ state re-organisation and what it means for the future design of India’s federal system.

Ans: 1) A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
Explanation: Gujarat – On May 1st 1960, the state of Gujarat was formed with the state of Bombay divided into two states i.e. Maharashtra and Gujarat by the Bombay (Reorganisation) Act 1960.
Telangana – With the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act of 2014, Telangana became India’s 29th state on June 2nd 2014.
Punjab – With The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 – Three States Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh were established in 1966.
Ladakh – On 5th August 2019 with the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act Jammu & Kashmir became a UT with legislature and Ladakh became a UT without legislature.

Ans: 3) Statement I is correct but Statement II is false
Explanation:
Statement I: Exit Poll – An election exit poll is a poll of voters taken immediately after they have exited the polling stations.
Statement II: Opinion Poll – It is a kind of survey in which before an election, voters are asked their opinion about whom they are going to vote for in the election. Therefore, it is conducted to find the opinion of the public before elections.
Therefore, OPINION POLL = Before Elections., EXIT POLL = AFTER Elections.
Statement I is TRUE but Statement II is FALSE.

Ans: 3) (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)
Explanation: Political Party – Founders of the Party
DMK – C.N. Annadurai
AIDMK – M.G. Ramachandran
TDP – N.T. Ramarao
PDP – Mufti Mohammad Sayeed

Ans: 2) (A), (C), (E), (D), (B)
Explanation: Social Movements in chronological order:
1) Chipko Movement – 1973
2) Appiko Movement – 1983
3) Narmada Bachao Andolan – 1985
4) Jan Lokpal Movement – 2011
5) Jal Satyagraha – 2012

Ans: 2) Granville Austin
Explanation: Granville Austin was an American political scientist who is known for his study of the Indian Constitution. He used the term “a seamless web” to describe the interrelated nature of the different provisions in the Indian Constitution.
According to Austin, the Constitution of India is not a collection of disparate provisions but is instead a coherent and interconnected whole. He believed that each provision of the Constitution was linked to and influenced by other provisions, and that together they formed a seamless web of principles and values that guide the functioning of the Indian state.
Austin says, the Indian Constitution is “a seamless web” comprising of social revolution, national unity, and democratic stability which motivates, guides and constrains India’s leaders in interpreting and applying the Indian Constitution.
Therefore, the concept of “a seamless web” by Granville Austin highlights the importance of understanding the interconnectivity of different constitutional provisions and the need to view the Constitution as a holistic document rather than a set of isolated provisions.

Ans: 3) Chipko Movement
Explanation: Chandi Prasad Bhatt played a significant role in the Chipko Movement, a nonviolent movement aimed at protecting trees and forests in the Indian state of Uttarakhand.
In 1973, when the government granted a logging contract to a private company to cut down trees, Bhatt and the villagers organized a peaceful
protest. They hugged the trees and prevented the loggers from cutting them down, and the protest eventually forced the government to cancel the logging contract.
This event sparked a wider movement, which came to be known as the Chipko Movement, and Bhatt emerged as one of its key leaders. He helped to spread the message of the movement and worked to organize protests against deforestation in other parts of Uttarakhand.
Bhatt’s efforts and the success of the Chipko Movement helped to raise awareness about the need to protect India’s forests and inspired similar movements around the world. Today, the movement is seen as a milestone in the history of environmental activism and has become a symbol of India’s grassroots environmentalism.

Ans: 3) National People’s Party
Explanation: The National People’s Party (NPP) has been recognised as the eighth national party by the Election Commission of India, making it the first regional party of the north-east to be accorded the status.
The National People’s Party (NPP) is a political party in India, which was founded in 2013 by Purno Agitok Sangma, a veteran politician from Meghalaya.
The party is based on the ideology of regionalism and it aims to promote the interests of the people of the North-Eastern region of India.
Conditions for Recognition as a National Party:
If it secures six per cent of valid votes polled in any four or more states at a general election to the Lok Sabha or to the legislative assembly; and, in addition, it wins four seats in the Lok Sabha from any state or states; /or/
If it wins two per cent of seats in the Lok Sabha at a general election; and these candidates are elected from three states; /or/
If it is recognised as a state party in four states.
At present, there are Total 6 National Parties recognized by the Election Commission of India. (as of April, 2023).

Ans: 1) A, B and C only
Explanation: Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra are the states that were formed on the basis of language. Context of The Linguistic Grounds:
Haryana was carved out of the state of Punjab in 1966 on linguistic grounds.
Andhra Pradesh was created in 1953 by merging the Telugu-speaking areas of the former Madras Presidency with the Telugu-speaking areas of the Hyderabad State.
Maharashtra was formed in 1960 by dividing the bilingual Bombay State into two states, with Maharashtra consisting of Marathi speaking areas and Gujarat consisting of Gujarati-speaking areas.
Context of The Other Two States:
Madhya Pradesh was created in 1956 by merging the Hindi-speaking areas of the former Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh, and Bhopal States with the Marathi-speaking areas of the former Central Provinces and Berar.
Nagaland was created in 1963 as it was carved out of Assam state, but it was not based on language.

Ans: 1) A – III, B – I, C – II, D – IV
Explanation:
Concept of Vote Bank – M.N. Srinivas
Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam – Narayan Guru
Ad Dharm – Mangoo Ram Mugowalia
The Self Respect Movement – Ramaswamy Naicker (Periyar)

Ans: 2) C, E, A, D, B
Explanation: The Correct Chronological order as per year of establishment are:
C) All India Trade Union Congress – 1920
E) Indian National Trade Union Congress – 1947
A) Hind Mazdoor Sabha – 1948
D) Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh – 1955
B) Centre of Indian Trade Unions – 1970

Ans : 2) Myron Weiner
Explanation : The Indian Paradox : Essays in Indian Politics by Myron Weiner written in 1989.

Ans : 1) Wealthy countries subsidies and trade barrier make it difficult for developing countries to take advantage of the potential of globalization for advancing food security.
Explanation : The effects of globalization on food security is different of developed countries from developing countries. Developed countries has more advantages than developing countries.

Ans : 2) Cycle
Explanation :
Samajwadi Party – 4 October 1992
Telugu Desam Party – 29 March 1982
Manipur People’s Party – 26 December 1968

Ans : 3) A, B, C Only
Explanation : A Civil Society eco system usually includes within its ambit : Non Profit Organisation, Online Groups, Religious Leaders and so on.

Ans : 3) Christophe Jaffrelot and Sanjay Kumar
Explanation : Rise of the Plebeians? The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies written by Christophe Jaffrelot and Sanjay Kumar in 2009.

Ans : 4) (A) -(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
Explanation :
(A) Forum Against oppression of Women originated in Mumbai in 1980 as the Forum against Rape.
(B) Saheli was set up in 1981 in New Delhi.
(C) Stree Shakti Sangathan was founded in 1989 in Hyderabad.
(D) Vimochana was initiated in 1979 in Bangalore.

Ans : 3) (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(III), (D)-(I)
Explanation :
(A) All India Central Council of Trade Unions (AICCTU) is a central trade union federation in India. It is politically attached to Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, AICCTU had a membership of 639,962 in 2002.
(B) BHARATIYA MAZDOOR Sangh (BMS), a Central Trade Union Organization, was founded on July 23, 1955, the day being the birth anniversary of Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a veteran of the freedom movement. It employs all legitimate means, consistent with the spirit of nationalism to achieve its objectives. BMS principled three phrases to delineate its distinctive approach: Nationalise the labour; labourise the industry; and industrialise the nation’.
(C) Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC), largest trade-union federation in India. INTUC was established in 1947 in cooperation with the Indian National Congress, which favoured a less militant union movement than the All-India Trade Union Congress. INTUC is largely anti-communist; it is affiliated with the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions.
(D) The Labour Progressive Federation is a trade union federation in India. The LPF is politically attached to Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.

Ans : 1) B, A, C, D
Explanation :
Shiromani Akali Dal – 1920
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam – 1949
Telugu Desam Party – 1982
Biju Janata Dal – 1997

Ans : 3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Explanation : Pressure groups are involved in politics and policy making process in India through direct and indirect means. But they do not aspire to come to power to achieve their goals as their work is to influence government policy not to become government.

Ans : 2) Nagaland
Explanation : Voter-verifiable paper audit trail was first used in an election in India in September 2013 in Noksen (Assembly Constituency) in Nagaland.
VVPAT along with EVMs was used on a large-scale for the first time in India, in 10 assembly seats out of 40 in 2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election.

Ans : 3) A, B and C only
Explanation : Tungabhadra water dispute is between Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Karnataka.

Ans : 1) A – IV, B – I, C – II, D – III
Explanation :
A) Francine R. Frankel and M.S.A. Rao – Dominance and State Power in Modern India (1992)
B) Rudolph and Rudolph – The Modernity of Tradition (1967)
C) Ashutosh Varshney – Battles Half-Won : India’s Improbable Democracy (2013)
D) Sudipta Kaviraj – The Trajectories of the Indian State (2010)

Ans : 4) A, D, B, C
Explanation:
National Commission for Women – 1992
National Human Rights Commission – 1993
National Commission for Scheduled Tribes – 2004
National Commission for Protection of Child Rights – 2007

Ans : 2) Sudipta Kaviraj
Explanation : Revisionist Theory of Modernity written by Sudipta Kaviraj in 2005.

Ans : 4) To control the judiciary
Explanation : Political Parties can not control the judiciary as judiciary is independent in nature.

Ans : 4) Maintenance of public order
Explanation : Maintenance of public order is not the concern of Local self Government. Public Health, Public Utility Services, Sanitation, Roads and Bridges, Developmental Schemes etc. are related to Local self Government. Article 243 W provides for powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities.

Ans : 3) They are non-autonomous groups dependent on the support of the government.
Explanation : Social actions groups are, broadly, “a group that is formed to take social action which is essentially non-violent, though it may be militant”.
The work of social action groups is to create transformative change. Social action groups take the shape of “both public and people – centred” advocacy designed “to influence public policies or public attitudes in order to empower the marginalized”.

Ans : 3) Stabilization of the Congress dominance system
Explanation : There was a time when Congress used to dominate the politics and it was known as One Party Dominance System. But slowly and gradually after 1967 this dominance started fading away. And major fall of Congress started since 2014 and the era of Narendra Modi began.

Ans : 3) A, B and D only
Explanation : Electronic voting machines have recently generated discussion in India. Many occurrences, such as technical problems where EVMs have ceased responding and numerous claims that the system is hackable, have caused the public to question the validity of EVMs.
According to the Rajasthan Panchayati Raj Act of 1994, a person who has more than two children is unable to run for election as a panch or member.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi spoke on the subjects of “One Nation, One Election”. It refers to concurrently conducting elections for the Lok Sabha, state legislatures, panchayats, and urban local authorities once every five years.

Ans : 3) A, B and C only
Explanation :
Labour movements in India suffers from the following issue:
Small Size
Poor Finance
Poiticisation
Multiplicity of Unions
Lack of Enlightened Labour Force

Ans : 1) A – I, B – II, C – III, D – IV
Explanation :
A) Rabindra Ray – The Naxalites and their Ideology (1988)
B) Ashish Kumar Roy – The Spring Thunder and After (1975)
C) Carole Spray – Gender, Development and the State in India (2019)
D) Sanjay Kumar – Indian Youth and Educational Politics

Ans : 2) They work for enhancement of technical capacities of urban agencies
Explanation : Characteristics of Social action groups:
It concerted effort aimed at altering social, economic, or political structures and their modes of operation to improve social and economic well-being, particularly among the poor, and to establish a just social, economic, and political order.
The goals of social action groups might be quite radical.
Social action can be directed against global, universal issues such as environmental protection and conservation through action, as well as more localized issues such as crime and the sale of alcoholic beverages.
Social action groups rise voices against the wrongful use of village community resources by dominant individuals or groups, exploitation of labour, the punishment of a wrongdoer, illegal tree felling, and so on.

Ans : 2) Dismantling the planning process in stages
Explanation :
I. Its duration is from 2012 to 2017, under the leadership of Manmohan Singh.
II. Its main theme is “Faster, More Inclusive and Sustainable Growth”.
III. Its growth rate target was 8%.

Ans : 2) The Bodo Movement
Explanation : The Santhal Rebellion, The Birsa Munda Movement and The Kol Rebellion were tribal movements of pre-independent India.

Ans : 1) 1875
Explanation : In 1875, Sorabjee Sharpoorji Bengalee of Mumbai organized the labour agitation in Bombay against the appalling conditions of workers, especially women and children. Thus, the first organized labour agitation was organised by S. S. Bengalee. It results in the formation of the first factory commission in the country in 1875.

Ans : 2) A, B and C only

Ans : 1) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Ans : (2) W.H. Morris Jones
Explanation : W.H. Morris Jones in his work The Government and Politics of India characterized the Indian polity as being stable not in the sense of a stationary unresponsive state but in terms of a ‘regulated movement’.

Ans : (4) Y.V. Chauvhan
Explanation :
Members of the ‘Syndicate’ group of the Congress Party:
K. Kamraj, M.N. Nijalingappa, Morarji Desai, Bhola Paswan Shastri, Veerendra Patil, Hitendra K. Desai and others.

Ans : (3) Perspective Planning
Explanation : Perspective planning refers to long term planning where targets are fixed for long period say 15 to 25 years. But it does not imply one plan for the complete period. In a true sense, broader objectives are to be achieved in a fixed period by dividing the perspective plan into short-run plans of 4 to 6 years.

Ans : (4) (A), (B) and (D) only
Explanation :
(A) Bachpan Bachao Andolan is a children’s rights organization.
(B) India Against Corruption is a Civil anti-corruption movement that gained prominence in 2011 and 2012. It was anti-corruption demonstrations over the implementation of the Jan Lokpal bill.
(C) Vigyan Prasar is the government of India programme to serve India’s science popularization agenda.
(D) The Mazdoor Kisan Sangram Samiti was a large-scale organization in Bihar.

Ans : (1) (A) and (B) only
Explanation : In structural functionalism, social change is regarded as an adaptive response to some tension within the social system. When some part of an integrated social system changes, a tension between this and other parts of the system is created, which will be resolved by the adaptive change of the other parts.
W.H. Morris Jones and Rajni Kothari provided the structural – functional perspective on the nature of Indian State.

Ans : (2) Accountability
Explanation : Accountability refers to the procedures and standards that hold decision-makers accountable to the decision-maker.

Ans : (2) (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
Explanation : (A) Narmada Bachao Andolan – The Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) was a mass movement that began in 1985 to protest against the lack of an appropriate resettlement and rehabilitation (R&R) policy for the more than 250,000 people who faced submergence during the construction of big dams along the Narmada river. Originally named Narmada Dharangrast Samiti or Committee for Narmada Dam-affected people, the movement was renamed NBA in 1989.
(B) Chipko Movement – Chipko movement, also called Chipko andolan, nonviolent social and ecological movement by rural villagers, particularly women, in India in the 1970s, aimed at protecting trees and forests slated for government-backed logging. The movement originated in the Himalayan region of Uttarakhand (then part of Uttar Pradesh) in 1973 and quickly spread
throughout the Indian Himalayas.
(C) Appiko Movement – In September 1983, men, women and children of
Salkani “hugged the trees” in Kalase forest. (The local term for “hugging” in
Kannada is appiko.) Appiko Andolan gave birth to a new awareness all over
southern India. In 1950, Uttara Kannada district forest covered more than 81
percent of its geographical area.
(D) Chilka Movement – The Chilka Movement highlighted an example of people’s struggle on vital issues of common concern, especially with respect to their environment. In early 1990’s, Chilka bachao movement was started by fishermen living around Chilka Lake in Orissa, who resisted the implementation of Integrated Shrimp Farm Project (ISFP) in their area. They saw this project as
a threat to their livelihood.

Ans : (3) (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
Explanation :
(A) M.S. Raja was leader in Madras Region.
(B) B.R. Verma plays important role in Hyderabad.
(C) Murugesh Pillai was local leader of Mysore.
(D) Vithoba Raoji was leader of Adi-Nagpuri in Nagpur region.

Ans : (4) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true

Ans : 1) Formation of States
Explanation : The term ABCD is associated with formation of state. At the time of adaptation of constitution of India, Indian republic as ‘Union of States’ had four types of state.
Part A states includes governors’ provinces of British India. Part B states includes former princely states. Part C states included the former chief commissioners’ provinces and some princely states. Part D includes Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Ans : 1) Western Uttar Pradesh
Explanation : Harit Pradesh (also known as Pashchim Pradesh & Pashchimanchal) is a proposed new state of India comprising the western parts of Uttar Pradesh state. Harit means Green which signifies the agricultural prosperity of the region and Pradesh means state. The region has some
demographic, economic and cultural patterns that are distinct from other parts of Uttar Pradesh, and more closely resemble those of Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan states.

Ans : 2) (c), (d), (b) and (a)
Explanation :
All India Trinamool Congress was established in 1998.
Nationalist Congress Party established in 1999.
Telangana Rashtra Samithi established in 2001.
Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) established in 2006.

Ans : 4) Commitment to the secular and democratic ideals
Explanation : Philanthropy, membership and funding forms the basis of difference between voluntary organizations and NGOs.

Ans : 2) Birsa Munda
Explanation : Birsa Munda was an important figure in the history of the Indian Independence Movement. The only tribal leader honoured by the Indian parliament -his portrait finds respectful place in Indian Parliament Museum.

Ans : 4. Plan Holidays were introduced due to the failure of all three preceding Five Year Plans.
Explanation : Third Five Year Plan of India (1961-66) failed because of IndoChina war in 1961-62, Indo-Pak war in 1965-66, and famine in 1965-66. From 1966-69, three Annual Plans were launched as short tern contingency plan, this is known as Plan Holiday. Fourth five-year plan was abandoned because of prevailing situation of drought and inflation.

Ans : 3) PLO
Explanation : PLO is an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of the “liberation of Palestine” through armed struggle, with much of its violence aimed at Israeli civilians. It is recognized as the “sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people” by over 100 states with which it holds diplomatic relations, and has enjoyed observer status at the United Nations since 1974.

Ans : 2) Amartya Sen
Explanation : The Capability Approach was first articulated by the Indian economist and philosopher Amartya Sen in the 1980s, and remains most closely associated with him. Here ‘poverty’ is understood as deprivation in the capability to live a good life, and ‘development’ is understood as capability expansion. That is why Amartya Sen said The poor are poor not because of what they do not have, but because of what they can not do.

Ans : 1) (a) and (b) only
Explanation : Article 268. Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States. 1. Such stamp duties and such duties of excise on medicinal and toilet preparations as are mentioned in the Union List shall be levied by the Government of India but shall be collected: (a) in the case where such duties are leviable within any Union territory, by the Government of India, and (b) in other cases, by the States within which such duties are respectively leviable. 2. The proceeds in any financial year of any such duty leviable within any State shall not form part of the Consolidated Fund of India, but shall be assigned to that State.

Ans : 1) (A) -(III); (B)-(I); (C) -(IV); (D) -(II)
Explanation :
(A) Granville Austin – The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation (1966)
(B) Morris Jones – The Government and Politics of India (1964)
(C) M V Pylee – Constitutional Government in India (1960)
(D) Ivor Jennnings – Some Characteristics of Indian Constitution (1952)

Ans : 4) (a), (b), (c) and (d)
Explanation : Detrimental effects of corruption on development includes the following: 1. Lower level of social services 2. Lower economic growth 3. Higher tax burden and fewer services 4. Lower opportunities for farmers to sell their product.

Ans : 3) Ministry of Home Affairs
Explanation : Ministry of Home Affairs is the Nodal Ministry for the NHRC. The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India was established on 12 October, 1993.

Ans : (4) Rule adjudication
Explanation : Rule adjudication is the function of courts not of political parties.
Similarly rule making and rule application which is done by legislature and
executive respectively.

Ans : (4) Globalisation tends to perpetuate parochial culture
Explanation : Globalization helps in cultural mingling. Globalisation is a process which means integration of the markets in the international economy. It leads to the integration of local and national economies into international market. Trade & transection, Capital & investment, migration & movement of people and the dissemination of knowledge are 4 basic aspects of globalization identified by IMF in 2000. There are 3 main areas of globalization: cultural globalization, economic globalization and political globalization.

Ans : (1) M.N. Srinivas
Explanation : The concept ‘Sanskritization’ was first introduced by Prof. M.N. Srinivas the famous Indian sociologist. He explained the concept of sanskritisation in his book “Religion and society among the co-organisations of South India” to describe the cultural mobility in the traditional caste structure of Indian society.

Ans : (1) (a), (b), (d)
Explanation : The positive impact of Liberalisation are :
Foreign Investment, Increased production, Increased employment and opportunities and technological advancement.

Ans : (4) (c), (a), (b) and (d)
Explanation :
Gujrat was formed on 1 May, 1960.
Sikkim was formed on 16 May, 1975.
Goa was formed on 30 May, 1987.
Telangana was formed on 2 June, 2014.

Ans : 2) Ravinder Kumar
Explanation :
It was Ravinder Kumar who gave this statement as it was Gandhi who gathered masses support in Indian National Movement. Gandhi was even considered as the leader of masses. He was associated with transformation of Indian national congress into political organization with mass base.

Ans : 3) Pratap B. Mehta
Explanation : Political commentator and former president of the Centre for Policy Research, a New Delhi based think tank Pratap Bhanu Mehta criticized the Supreme Court as a ‘deeply paradoxical institution’ because it wields immense power with limited accountability. According to Pratap Bhanu Mehta, the supreme court is “facing its worst crisis of credibility since the Emergency”.

Ans : 3) (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
Explanation :
(A) Myron Weiner – The Indian Paradox : Essays in Indian Politics (1989)
(B) Rajni Kothari – The Congress System (1999)
(C) Suhas Palshikar – Post-Congress Polity (2014)
(D) Yogendra Yadav – The Third Democratic Upsurge (2016)

Ans : 2) Madras
Explanation : Madras was the first State in independent India where the government was formed after engineering splits and defections. In the Madras Legislative Assembly election in 1952 no single party obtained a simple majority to form an independent Government. C. Rajagopalachari of the Indian National Congress became the Chief Minister after a series of re-alignments among various political parties and Independents.

Answer – 3) M.N Srinivas

The correct answer is ‘1 and 3’
Key Points
State Reorganization Act of 1956:
The State Reorganization Act of 1956 was a significant piece of legislation in India that aimed to reorganize state boundaries primarily on linguistic lines.
The Act was influenced by the recommendations of the Fazal Ali Commission, which was appointed to examine the question of state reorganization.
The Commission recommended the reorganization of states based on linguistic and cultural homogeneity, leading to the formation of states where people spoke the same language.

Answer – 1) Paul Brass

The correct answer is Nationalism.
Key Points
Nationalism
It is a political, social, and cultural ideology that emphasizes the importance and identity of a nation. It involves a strong attachment and loyalty to one’s own nation or country.
Regionalism:
Regionalism, on the other hand, is a political and cultural movement that emphasizes the interests, identity, and autonomy of a specific region within a larger nation.
Relationship between Nationalism and Regionalism:
While nationalism seeks a unified national identity, regionalism often arises in response to perceived neglect or marginalization within the national framework. It can be seen as a counterforce to the homogenizing tendencies of nationalism.

Answer – 3) Myron Weiner

Answer – 3) Morris Jones