Answer: 3) A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-lll
Explanation:
A. Antonio Gramsci: He is known for his work “Prison Notebooks”, so A
matches with II.
B. Robert Putnam: He is the author of “Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival
of American Community”, so B matches with IV.
C. Michael Oakeshott: He wrote “On Human Conduct”, so C matches with I.
D. Max Weber: He is famous for his work “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit
of Capitalism”, so D matches with III.

Answer: 1) Susan Sontag
Explanation:
Susan Sontag is not primarily associated with Feminist Theory. She was a renowned essayist, cultural critic, and writer, but her work did not specifically focus on feminist perspectives. In contrast, Carole Pateman, Martha Nussbaum, and Judith Butler have made significant contributions to feminist thought, addressing issues related to gender, power, and equality. Sontag’s legacy lies more in her exploration of aesthetics, art, and cultural criticism.

Answer: 2) That no state in fact has authority.
Explanation:

• That no state in fact has authority. Philosophical anarchism is a branch of political philosophy that is highly skeptical and sometimes even eliminative of the state.
• It does not necessarily imply any action or desire for the elimination of authority, but philosophical anarchists do not believe that they have an obligation or duty to obey any authority, or conversely that the state or any individual has a right to command.

Therefore, the main argument of philosophical anarchism is that no state in fact has authority.

Answer: 1) Joseph Schumpeter
Exaplanation:
The book ‘Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy’ is authored by 1. Joseph Schumpeter. He was an Austrian political economist and is best known for his work on economic innovation and business cycles.
It is the one of important book on social theory, social sciences, and economics in which Schumpeter deals with capitalism, socialism, and creative destruction.
It is the third most cited book in the social sciences published before 1950, behind Marx’s Capital and The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith.

Answer: 2) E, D, C, A, B
Explantion:
E. Steam, machinery and the making of machines by machinery transformed the older manufacture, carried out under feudalism, into modern industry: This represents the transition from feudalism to capitalism.
D. The present structure of society is the creation of the current ruling class, the bourgeoisie: This represents the establishment of the bourgeoisie as the ruling class under capitalism.
C. While the capitalist mode of production more and more transforms the great majority of the population into proletarians, it creates a power that is forced to accomplish a revolution against capitalism: This represents the growing proletariat class under capitalism and the impending revolution.
A. The proletariat seizes political power and turns the means of production into state property: This represents the proletariat revolution and the establishment of socialism.
B. Finally, the proletariat abolishes itself abolishes all class distinctions and class antagonism and also abolishes the state as state: This represents the final stage of communism, where class distinctions are abolished.

Answer: 1) A, B And E only
Explantion:
A) Deliberative democracy describes a normative Ideal in which free and equal citizens publicly exchange reasons with one another: This is correct. Deliberative democracy is a normative project grounded in political theory. It emphasizes the importance of public exchange of reasons among citizens.
B) They do with a view to reaching a consensus about some issue or policy or about the principles underlying the system as a whole: This is correct. The goal of deliberative democracy is to reach a consensus about issues or policies through fair and reasonable discussion and debate among citizens.
C) The central claim is that a political decision or system is legitimate even if it cannot command free and reasoned agreement among equals: This is incorrect. Deliberative democracy claims that political decisions should be the product of fair and reasonable discussion and debate among citizens.
D) Clearly this is a practical conception, which contemporary political life- with partisan rivalnes and messy compromises often conforms to: This is incorrect. While deliberative democracy has practical applications, it is not merely a reflection of contemporary political life with its partisan rivalries and compromises.
E) Underlying the deliberative ideal is a powerful moral intuition about the nature of truly democratic association: This is correct. Deliberative democracy is based on a moral intuition about the nature of democratic association.

Answer: 3) C, A, E, B, D
Explanation:
E) The first articulation of the concept took place In the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe: This represents the emergence of the concept of civil society during the Enlightenment.
B) The concept was part of the economic and political liberalism that arose with John Locke and was celebrated by Scottish enlightenment: This represents the development and popularization of the concept during the era of economic and political liberalism.
A) It can be understood as a collective entity that springs from society and exists for specific and limited purposes: This represents the understanding of civil society as a collective entity with specific purposes.
C) Civil society is one among many spheres of the larger society along with family, economy, politics etc.: This represents the positioning of civil society within the larger societal context.
D) The concept found a significant place in the writings of Hegel and Marx in the 19th century: This represents the further development and exploration of the concept in the works of Hegel and Marx.

Answer: 4) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
Explanation:
Claimed option as final anwer by NTA is wrong, The correct matching should be A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II, as Per the source of this question.
A) Liberalism – III. moral concern for one another as free and equal citizens. It is a political doctrine that values individual freedom and seeks to protect it through government. Liberals believe that government is necessary to protect individuals from harm, but also recognize that government itself can pose a threat to liberty.
B) Communitarianism – I. shared understanding and common meaning, based on shared history, culture or worldview. This philosophy emphasizes the connection between the individual and the community. Communitarianism is a philosophy that emphasizes the role of the community in shaping individuals.
C) Liberal Nationalism – IV. shared nationality, based on a common history, language and culture. Liberal Nationalism: Also known as civic nationalism, is a form of nationalism identified by political philosophers who believe in a nonxenophobic form of nationalism compatible with liberal values of freedom, tolerance, equality, and individual rights.
D) Multiculturalism/Difference theory – II. No need for member to share a common culture, history, worldview, language or value system.
Multiculturalism or Difference theory is a view that cultural differences should be respected and acknowledged within the public sphere. It posits that there’s no need for members to share a common culture, history, worldview, language, or value system.

Answer: 3) A, C and E only
Explanation:
A) Carole Pateman: She is associated with participatory democracy. In her work “Participation and Democratic Theory”, she promoted a participatory vision of democracy.
B) Ian Shapiro: While he has made significant contributions to democratic theory, his work primarily focuses on the value of democracy in its potential to limit domination rather than its operation as a system of participation.
C) Benjamin Barber: He is a proponent of participatory democracy. In his work “Strong Democracy”, he advocates for a more participatory form of democracy.
D) Jurgen Habermas: Although Habermas has contributed significantly to democratic theory, his work is more closely associated with deliberative democracy rather than participatory democracy.
E) C. B. Macpherson: He advocated for participatory democracy. He argued that for a participatory democracy to exist, there should be a reduction in social and economic inequality and people should see themselves and act as exerters and enjoyers of development instead of merely being consumers of government policies.

Answer: 3) A principle of final acquisition- our account of how people come
to finally own the things which have been transferred in accordance with (1)
Explanation:
Nozick’s entitlement theory comprises three main principles:
• A principle of justice in acquisition: This principle deals with the initial acquisition of holdings.
• A principle of justice in transfer: This principle explains how one person can acquire holdings from another, including voluntary exchange and gifts.
• A principle of rectification of injustice: This principle deals with how to handle holdings that are unjustly acquired or transferred.
There is no principle of final acquisition in Nozick’s entitlement theory. The theory is concerned with the justice of the process by which holdings are acquired and transferred, not with the final state of those holdings. Therefore, the principle of final acquisition is not a part of Nozick’s entitlement theory.

Answer: 3) A is correct but R is not correct.
Explanation:
The Assertion A correctly states that autonomy involves a kind of skill that individuals must develop, exercise, and maintain. This process is not automatic and requires efforts and resources that are often secured by social and material conditions provided by the state.

However, the Reason R suggests that the commitment to individual autonomy cannot compel the liberal state to provide the social and material conditions necessary for citizens to become autonomous. This statement is not entirely correct as the state often plays a significant role in providing the necessary conditions for its citizens to exercise and develop their autonomy.
Therefore, Assertion A is correct but Reason R is not correct.

Ans: 2) A, B, C, D only
Explanation: Out of the five options in the question, four options present the argument for functions of the State according to Individualist perspective –
▪ They are – (A) The protection of state against foreign aggression (B) The protection of property (C) Protection of individual against epidemics (D) Protections of the individual’s life
▪ The fifth option (E) – Distribution of property in society – is concerned with the Welfare perspective of State theory.

Ans: 1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation: ▪ Assertion (A): The concept of popular sovereignty and universal adult suffrage is complementary to each other.
▪ Popular sovereignty is the idea that the people are the ultimate source of power in a government.
▪ Universal adult suffrage is the idea that all adults should have the right to vote. This means that the right to vote should not be restricted based on factors such as race, gender, or wealth.
▪ These two concepts are complementary because they both promote the idea that the people should have a say in how they are governed. Popular sovereignty ensures that the government is accountable to the people, and universal adult suffrage ensures that the people have the means to participate in the political process.
▪ Reason (R): The source of sovereignty is the people and thus every adult should be given the right to vote.
▪ This reason provides a justification for the assertion. It states that the source of sovereignty is the people, and that since the people are the source of sovereignty, they should have the right to vote. This is because voting is a way for the people to exercise their sovereignty and to participate in the political process.
▪ Hence, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Ans: 2) Van Gunsteren
Explanation: ▪ The Quote – “The concept of citizenship has gone out of fashion among political thinkers” is by Herman Van Gunsteren.
▪ In 1978, Dutch political theorist Herman van Gunsteren wrote an article titled “The Quest for Citizenship” in which he argued that the concept of citizenship had become “out of fashion” among political thinkers. He attributed this decline in interest on Citizenship to 3 factors :
▪ (i) the rise of New Political Movements, such as Environmentalism and Feminism, which challenged traditional notions of citizenship
▪ (ii) the Increasing Complexity of Modern Societies, which made it difficult to define the rights and responsibilities of citizens ▪
(iii) the Growing influence of Globalization, which made it seem that National citizenship was becoming less important.
▪ Despite these challenges, Van Gunsteren argued that the concept of citizenship was still essential for a healthy democracy. He argued that citizenship should be understood as a “bundle of rights and duties” that binds individuals to their communities and gives them a stake in the political process. He also argued that citizenship should be seen as a dynamic concept, that is, one that is constantly evolving to meet the needs of changing societies. Van Gunsteren’s article was influential in reviving interest in the concept of citizenship among political thinkers.

Ans: 2) H.J. Laski
Explanation: ▪ The Quote – “Political equality, therefore, is never real unless it is accompanied by virtual economic equality: political power” is by Harold J. Laski.
▪ He wrote this in his book – A Grammar of Politics.

Ans: 4) A, D, E only
Explanation: ▪ Karel Vasak, a Czech jurist, proposed the three generations of human rights in 1979. He divided human rights into three categories based on their historical development and the nature of the rights themselves. The three generations are:
▪ First generation: Civil and political rights. These rights are concerned with the protection of the individual from the state, and they include rights such as the right to life, liberty, and security of person; the right to freedom of speech, assembly, and association; and the right to a fair trial.
▪ Second generation: Economic, social, and cultural rights. These rights are concerned with the provision of social goods and services by the state, and they include rights such as the right to work, the right to education, and the right to health care.
▪ Third generation: Solidarity and Collective rights. These rights are concerned with the protection of the global community, and they include rights such as the right to development, the right to a clean environment, and the right to peace.

Ans: 4) Jeremy Bentham
Explanation: ▪ Jeremy Bentham, the founder of utilitarianism, dismissed the idea of natural rights as “rhetorical nonsense” because he believed that rights are not inherent in human beings, but are instead created by laws and governments. He argued that the concept of natural rights is “ambiguous,” “sentimental,” and “figurative,” and that it has “anarchical consequences.”
▪ Bentham’s main objections to Natural Rights are as follows:
▪ They are ambiguous. The term “natural right” can be interpreted in many different ways, which makes it difficult to have a meaningful discussion about them.
▪ They are sentimental. The idea of natural rights is often based on emotions, such as a sense of justice or fairness. Bentham argued that these emotions are unreliable and should not be the basis for law or government.
▪ They have anarchical consequences. If everyone has natural rights, then no one can be bound by the laws of government. This could lead to chaos and anarchy.

Answer: 4) A, B, and C only
Explanation:
Postcolonial feminism examines how gender, race, culture, and power intersect in postcolonial societies, highlighting the unique struggles of marginalized women.
Correct Statements:
A) Women’s experiences differ based on race, ethnicity, class, and nationality.
B) Cultural, ethnic, and geographic factors influence women’s marginalization.
C) It contextualizes oppression within colonial history, showing how colonialism shaped gender inequalities.
Incorrect Statements:
D) There is no universal approach to women’s subordination; experiences vary.
E) Postcolonial feminism expands mainstream feminism rather than being entirely separate.
Key Thinkers: Gayatri Spivak, Chandra Mohanty, Leela Gandhi, Uma Narayan.

Answer: 4) A, B, and C only
Explanation:
Post-Behaviouralism, introduced by David Easton (1969), emerged as a response to the limitations of Behaviouralism.
Correct Statements:
A. Substance over techniques – Focus on real political issues, not just methods.
B. Emphasis on social change – Advocates progressive transformation.
C. Politicization of professions – Intellectuals should engage in real-world struggles.
Incorrect Statement:
D. Techniques and quantification are key to Behaviouralism, not Post-Behaviouralism.
Core Idea: Political Science should be action-oriented, value-based, and socially relevant.

Answer: 4) A, B, D only
Explanation:
The Normative tradition of Political Theory focuses on how political systems should function based on moral and ethical principles.
Thinkers associated with Normative Theory:
A) Bertrand de Jouvenal – Explored power, liberty, and the state (The Pure Theory of Politics, 1963).
B) Eric Voegelin – Studied political order, ideology, and transcendence (The New Science of Politics, 1952).
D) Yves Simon – Discussed natural law and political authority (A General Theory of Authority, 1948).
Incorrect Choices:
C) Robert Dahl – Associated with empirical and pluralist political analysis.
E) Arthur Bartley – Not recognized as a key figure in normative political theory.

Ans: 4) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
Explanation:
Political Science: A philosophical analysis – V. V. Dyke (Book)
Political science and the theory of action – John G. Gunnell (Article)
The American Science of Politics – Bernard Crick (Book)
Segments of Political Science – Heinz Eulau (Article)

Ans: 1) Black Feminists
Explanation: Black feminists reject Universal Sisterhood because it ignores intersectionality, excludes Black women’s unique struggles, and overlooks racial power dynamics. The feminist movement historically prioritized white women’s issues, marginalizing Black women. Key theorists include Bell Hooks, Patricia Hill Collins, Audre Lorde, Kimberlé Crenshaw, and Angela Davis.

Ans: 2) Theodor Herzl
Explanation: Theodor Herzl is the father of modern political Zionism and organized the first Zionist Congress in 1897 in Basel, Switzerland. The Zionist Movement aimed to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine, addressing Jewish persecution. The Zionist Congress played a key role in shaping strategies for this goal.

Ans: 4) B, C, D only
Explanation: In Choice, Welfare and Measurement (1982), Amartya Sen introduced Basic Capability Equality, arguing that it is important but not the sole guide to morality. He critiques Utilitarian equality, Total Utility equality, and Rawlsian equality for their limitations.
Statement A is false because Sen explicitly states that Basic Capability Equality cannot be the sole guide to moral good.
Statements B, C, and D are true as they align with Sen’s argument that morality is broader than equality, capability equality is a partial guide, and capabilities can be indexed in various ways.

Ans: 4) Right to Speedy Trial
Explanation: Will Kymlicka defines group rights as necessary for protecting minority cultures from assimilation. He categorizes them into:
1. Self-government rights – For indigenous and national minorities.
2. Polyethnic rights – For immigrants to preserve cultural identity.
3. Special representation rights – To ensure fair representation of disadvantaged groups.
The right to a speedy trial is an individual legal right, not a group right.

Ans: 1) A, B, C only
Explanation: In A Grammar of Politics, Harold J. Laski defines rights as essential conditions for individual development within society.
Statements A, B, and C are directly mentioned in his work.
Statement D is incorrect, as Laski does not define rights merely as legal opportunities for success but as social conditions necessary for self-development.

Ans: 3) Statement I is correct but Statement II is false
Explanation:
Statement I is true: The socialist movement in France developed as Syndicalism, a radical trade unionism advocating workers’ control over industry. It was influential between 1899 and 1937.
Statement II is false: Syndicalism does not reject class struggle; instead, it embraces Marx’s class-struggle theory, opposes the political state, and supports revolutionary change through industrial action and general strikes.

Ans: 3) J. Cohen
Explanation: Joshua Cohen, in Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy, defines Deliberative Democracy as a pluralistic association where public deliberation guides decision-making.
Key features include:
Ongoing association with indefinite continuity.
Commitment to deliberative institutions.
Pluralism—diverse preferences and ideals.
Transparency in deliberation and outcomes.
Mutual recognition of deliberative capacities among members.

Ans: 1) Barker
Explanation: J.S. Mill distinguished between self-regarding and other-regarding actions, advocating individual freedom unless actions harm others.
Ernest Barker, in Principles of Social and Political Theory (1951), criticized this distinction, arguing that individual conduct cannot be separated into two compartments.
Instead, he proposed dividing conduct into voluntary actions managed by society and regulated actions enforced by the state, shifting liberalism from individualism to pluralism.

Ans: 4) D, C, B, A
Chronological Order of Books:
Two Concepts of Liberty – Isaiah Berlin (1958)
The Constitution of Liberty – F.A. Hayek (1960)
Four Essays on Liberty – Isaiah Berlin (1969)
Liberty after Freedom – Rohan J. Alva (2022)

Ans: 3) Kant
Explanation:
Immanuel Kant advocated Cosmopolitan Democracy, emphasizing the need for a World Federation of Free Republics to ensure Perpetual Peace.
He believed democratic states are more likely to maintain peaceful international relations.
His three definitive articles for peace include:
Republican Constitution for every state.
Federation of Free States to ensure international peace.
Cosmopolitan Rights based on universal hospitality.
Modern Thinkers of Cosmopolitan Democracy: Daniele Archibugi, David Held.

Ans: 3) A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
Explanation:
1. Ethics of Care – Carol Gilligan (II)
Introduced in In a Different Voice (1982).
Challenges Kohlberg’s male-centered moral development theory.
Focuses on relationships, empathy, and care ethics over abstract justice principles.
2) Sexual Politics – Kate Millett (I)
Sexual Politics (1970) critiques male writers’ portrayal of women.
Highlights patriarchy as a historical and social constant.
3. Powers of Horror – Julia Kristeva (III)
Powers of Horror (1980) introduces the concept of “Abject”.
Describes societal disgust toward bodily functions, death, and femininity.
4. Écriture Féminine – Hélène Cixous (IV)
The Laugh of the Medusa (1975) introduces Écriture Féminine.
Advocates for women’s unique writing style, rejecting male-dominated literary norms.

Ans: 3) John Dewey
Explanation: John Dewey in his book Democracy and Education (1961) said that: “A democracy is more than a form of government, it is primarily a mode of associated living, of conjoint communicated experience.”
It is a mode of living, because in democracy people work together to solve common problems.
Democracy is not based on individual’s decision but rather based on collective interaction of people.

Ans: 2) Will Kymlicka
Internal Restrictions → Group’s control over its own members (e.g., enforcing traditions).
External Protections → Group’s rights against society (e.g., safeguards for minorities).
Concerns → Internal restrictions may oppress members; external protections may create dominance.

Ans: 4) It’s motive is welfare of citizens.
Nozick, in Anarchy, State, and Utopia, opposes the welfare state.
He supports a Minimal State limited to protection, justice, and defense.
Redistribution violates individual rights; the state should not enforce social welfare.

Ans: 1) (A), (B), (C) only
Explanation: True Statements:
A. The term ‘ecology’ has Greek roots.
B. Ernst Haeckel coined the term ‘ecology’.
C. Andrew Dobson makes a distinction between environmentalism and ecologism.
And, Green ideology debate began in late 19th and early 20th century, not 16th century

Ans: 3) (B), (C) and (D) only
Explanation: In Classical Marxism Superstructure is said to be wholly dependent on the Base.
Neo-Marxists have redefined this relationship in different ways.
Some writers like Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) and Nicos Poulantzas (1936-
79) have supported the idea of Relative Autonomy of the Superstructure in the capitalist society.
Whereas others like Louis Althusser (1918-90) have supported the notion of interdependence of base and superstructure.

Ans: 1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation: History transforms documents into monuments, meaning it gives lasting significance to records. Foucault’s “archeology of knowledge” analyzes how knowledge shapes these monuments. Thus, both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

Ans: 1) Both Statement I and Statement II are true
Explanation: Rights manage conflicts between individuals and the state. A true theory of rights must allow individuals to have claims against the state. Hence, both statements are true.

Ans: 2) (A)- (II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
Explanation:
Between Past and Future – Hannah Arendt
Vico and Herder: Two studies in the history of ideas – Isaiah Berlin
The voice of liberal learning – Michael Oakeshott
The Tyranny of Merit – Michael J. Sandel

Ans: 3) (A), (C), (B), (D)
Explanation: The correct chronological order is:
A. Legal Sovereignty (1576, 1832) → C. Political Sovereignty (1688) → B. Popular Sovereignty (1762) → D. Theory of Plural Sovereignty (1868)
Hence, the correct answer is Option 3: (A), (C), (B), (D).

Ans: 1) (B), (A), (D), (C)
Explanation: Here are the books arranged according to their publication year in chronological order:
The Human Condition (1958) – by Hannah Arendt
The Archaeology of Knowledge (1969) – by Michel Foucault
After Virtue (1981) – by Alasdair MacIntyre
Spheres of Justice (1983) – by Michael Walzer

Ans: 1) Hobhouse
Explanation: Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse writes this quote in the context of explaining Rights.
He says our existence as members of society alone ensures us rights. Rights are rights when they are recognized by others as such.
L.T. Hobhouse says “Rights are what we may expect from others and others from us, and all genuine rights are conditions of social welfare. Thus, the rights anyone may claim are partly those which are necessary for the fulfillment of the function that society expects from him. They are conditioned by, correlative to, his social responsibilities.”

Ans: 2) John Rawls
Explanation: “Justice is the first virtue of social institutions” quote is attributed to John Rawls, the renowned American philosopher, he wrote this in his influential book “A Theory of Justice” published in 1971.

Ans: 2) Theodore Adorno
Explanation: “The Authoritarian Personality” is a book that explores the psychological and social factors that contribute to the development of authoritarianism. The book was written by a group of researchers associated with the Frankfurt School and was first published in 1950.
The primary authors of the book were Theodor W. Adorno, Else FrenkelBrunswik, Daniel J. Levinson, and Nevitt Sanford.

J.F. Lyotard is associated with:
A) Language Game (extended Wittgenstein’s idea in postmodernism)
B) A Report on Knowledge (The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge)
D) Communicational Transparency (argued it is impossible due to power and ideology)
Thus, the correct answer is Option 2: A, B, and D only.

C.B. Macpherson used Developmental Democracy but did not use:
B. Associational Capacity
C. Extractive Capacity (though he discussed extractive power, not capacity)
D. Cultural Democracy
Thus, the correct answer is Option 1: C, D, and B only.

Ans: 1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation: The Ethics of Care contrasts with justice-based moral theories, emphasizing relationships and social context. Men often use reason to justify biases, reinforcing traditional moral frameworks. Thus, both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

Ans: 2) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
Explanation: Justice and equality can coexist, ensuring fair access to rights and opportunities. Positive liberty, which enables individuals to pursue their goals, is also essential for justice. However, positive liberty does not directly explain the compatibility of justice and equality.
Thus, both A and R are true, but R is NOT the correct explanation of A. (Option 2).

The New Right promotes free markets and limited government but does not oppose democracy outright. The free market has both benefits and flaws, so its advantages do not always outweigh its disadvantages.
Thus, both Statement I and Statement II are false (Option 2).

Ans: 1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation: Authority demands unquestioning obedience, leading to deference and a lack of critical thinking. This makes authority a threat to reason and intellectual understanding, as it discourages questioning and dissent.
Thus, both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A (Option 1).

Ans: 3) A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
Explanation: Silent Spring – Rachel Carson
Deep ecology – Arne Naess
Tragedy of Commons – Garret Hardin
Imagined Communities – Benedict Anderson

Ans: 2) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Explanation: Sartori – Demo-Protect and Demo-Power
Correct Matching:
A) Sartori → IV. Demo-Protect and Demo-Power
B) Morris → III. Physical Quality of Life Index
C) Hayek → II. Catallaxy
D) Popper → I. Falsification

Thus, the correct answer is Option 2: A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I.

Answer : 4) Committed Judiciary
Explanation : Liberty, Equality and Independence of Judiciary are essential
condition of democracy.

Answer : 3) A, C, D Only
Explanation : Citizenship is a relationship between an individual and a state.
A citizen is known by the rights, he is allowed to exercise; if one is born in the
territory of a state, he will be recognized as a citizen.

Answer : 1) Ernst Haeckel
Explanation: The term ‘ecology’ was coined by the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel in 1866.

Answer : 3) Ramsay Muir
Explanation : Ramsay Muir writes, “Socialism is a chameleon-like creed. It changes its colour according to its environments. For the street comer and the club room, it wears the flaming scarlet of class war; for the intellectuals it is red shot with tawny; for the sentimentalists, it becomes a delicate rose pink, and in clerical circles it assumes a virgin white just touched with a faint flush of generous aspiration.”

Answer : 3) A and C Only
Explanation : Sexual Politics written by Kate Millet in 1970
Second Sex written by Simone de Beauvoir in 1949
The Feminine Mystique written by Betty Friedan in 1963
The Dialectic of Sex Shulamith Firestone in 1970

Answer : 3) The History of England
Explanation : The History of England written by Jane Austen in 1791.
Michael Oakeshott Books :
✓ Experience and its modes in 1933
✓ Rationalism in Politics in and other essays in 1962
✓ Introduction to Leviathan in 1991

Answer : 1) Theory of Natural Rights
Explanation : Theory of Natural Rights claims that Rights are inalienable and cannot be separated or taken away from the individual as they are inherent and prior to society and state.

Answer : 1) The state has the right to intervene in the hope of making people’s life more fulfilling.
Explanation : Positive liberty is all about growth and development of the
individual.

Answer : 3) Statement I is true but Statement Il is false.
Explanation : Power is an instrument of coercion and has a physical effect. On the other hand, Authority could as well be based on consent and yet to be more effective.

Answer : 1) Francoise d’Eaubonne
Explanation : Coining the term ecofeminist in 1974, Françoise d’Eaubonne observed that the male trait of wishing to dominate had been manifested no less in attempts to subdue nature than in oppressing women.

Answer : 1) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.
Explanation : The term ‘ecology’ was derived from the Greek oikos, meaning household or habitat.
The Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess in 1973 was the first to make the distinction between the deep ecologists and the shallow or humanist ecologists.

Answer : 3) Chipko Movement
Explanation: The Chipko Movement was a non-violent agitation in 1973 that was aimed at protection and conservation of trees; it is best remembered for the collective mobilization of women for the cause of preserving forests, which also brought about a change in attitude regarding their own status in society.

Ans : 4) A, B and D only.
Explanation : The main elements of Liberalism are Individualism, Freedom,
Reason, Equality, Consent, Toleration, Constitutionalism and so on.

Answer : 2) A, C and D only
Explanation : Socialism as an ideology; has traditionally been defined by its opposition to capitalism and the attempt to provide a more humane and socially worthwhile alternative. At the core of socialism is a vision of human beings as social creatures united by their common humanity. The central and some would say defining value of socialism is equality, especially social
equality.

Answer : 2) B and C only
Explanation : The “post” in postmodern suggests “after”. Postmodernism is best understood as a questioning of the ideas and values associated with a form of modernism that believes in progress and innovation. Modernism insists on a clear divide between art and popular culture. But like modernism, postmodernism does not designate any one style of art or culture. On the contrary, it is often associated with pluralism and an abandonment of conventional ideas of originality and authorship.

Answer : C) Francis Fukuyama
Explanation : Francis Fukuyama in his book “The End of History and the Last Man” (1992) said that “We are witnessing the end of history as such that is, the endpoint of mankind’s ideological evolution and the universalization of western liberal democracy as the final form of human government”.

Ans : 3) A(III), B(IV), C(I), D(II)
Explanation :
Lord Bryce – Modern Democracies (1921)
Graham Wallas – Human Nature in Politics (1908)
Gabriel Almond – Comparative Politics – A Developmental Approach (1966)
Charles E. Merriam – New Aspects of Politics (1925)

Answer : 2) No rights can be given to a man against the social interest.
Explanation : Rights are essential for every individual but no rights can be given to a man against the social interest.

Answer : 3) B and D only
Explanation : T.H. Green and Harold Laski are supporters of positive liberty.

Answer : 3) Possessive Liberalism
Explanation : Early liberalism was characterized by possessive individualist by C.B. Macphesron in his book “The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism”(1962).

Answer : 3) James Lovelock
Explanation: A UK atmospheric chemist, inventor and environmental thinker, James Lovelock is best known as the inventor of the ‘Gaia Hypothesis’. Gaia hypothesis proposes that the Earth is best understood as a complex, selfregulating, living ‘being’, implying that the prospects for humankind are closely linked to whether the species helps to sustain, or threaten, the planetary
ecosystem.

Answer : 1) A and C only
Explanation: Shallow ecology refers to the political or philosophical position within Ecologism that holds the idea that the protection and conservation of the environment should only be practiced when beneficial to humans.

Answer : 1) H. J. Laski
Explanation : Positive liberalists are T.H. Green, L.T. Hobhouse, Harold Laski and R.H. Tawney.

Answer : 2) It is concerned with the concept of feminity.
Explanation : Post Modernism appeared after the end of World War II. There is no exact definition of post-modernism. According to post-modernists, truth is relative and not absolute. They also challenge the core values of western world. Post-modernists also, consider nationalism as a reason behind war.

Answer : 4) A and C only
Explanation : Karl Popper in his works The Poverty of Historicism (1956) and The Open Society and its Enemies (1945) studies Totalitarianism and broadens his critique by criticizing significant figures like Plato, Hegel and Marx. Hannah Arendt in her The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951) talks about history of totalitarian theory.

Answer : 3) C, A, B, D
Explanation : In the early 19th century with Negative Liberalism emerged with the emergence of Classical Liberalism by thinkers like John Locke and Adam Smith.
Positive Liberalism came in the late 19th century.
Egalitarian Liberalism was propounded by John Rawls in the 1980s.
Libertarianism evolved as a response to Egalitarianism which draws inspiration from Locke.

Answer : 4) Minimal State.
Explanation : Modern Liberalism believes in significant government intervention, development individualism, social liberalism, positive freedom, social responsibility and so on.

Answer : 2) A and B only
Explanation : Tradition : Tradition reflects the collection of perception from the past and as practices of past have been ‘tested by time’ so they should be preserved for the benefit of generations to come.
Hierarchy and Authority : Conservatives place greater emphasis on authority that is why they believe in hierarchy.

Answer : 1) Possessive liberalism
Explanation : Early liberalism was characterized by possessive liberalism/individualism by C.B. Macpherson in his book “The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism” (1962).

Answer : 3) A – IV, B – III, C – II, D – I
Explanation :
E.F. Schumacher – Small is Beautiful: A Study of Economics as if People Mattered (1973)
James Lovelock – Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth (1979)
F. Capra – The Turning Point (1982)
Rachel Carson – The Silent Spring (1962)

Answer : 1) A, B, C, D
Explanation : 1st Stage emerged in 1860s and 1870s in which focus of feminists like Mary Wollstonecraft and Susan B. Anthony was to secure voting rights for women.
2nd Stage emerged in 1960s where feminists demanded equal social and economic rights for women with a slogan “personal is political”.
3rd Stage emerged in 1990s which attempts to rectify mistakes of previous mistakes of feminist movements.
4th Stage emerged in early 2000s through Ecofeminists like Vandana Shiva who believe that there is direct relationship between the serious environmental damage done to the earth and the repression of women.

Answer : (2) Thomas Paine
Explanation : Thomas Paine regarded state as ‘necessary evil’ in his book Common Sense published in 1776.

Answer : 3) Luck egalitarianism
Explanation : Luck Egalitarianism puts forth a theory of distributive justice which says that the fundamental aim of equality is to compensate people for undeserved bad luck.

Answer : 1) (A) (B) and (D) only
Explanation: Shallow ecologism, while keeping conservation at its heart, takes an anthropocentric approach to conservation. Nature should be conserved for the sake of human welfare. The proponents of the shallow ecologism of this philosophy believe that we should conserve the environment because it will benefit humans to maintain their lifestyles.

Answer : (4) Gaia hypothesis
Explanation : This hypothesis developed in 1972 by James Lovelock argues that Planet Earth is best understood as a living entity. He argues that human beings must respect the health of the planet, and act to conserve its beauty and resources – and the well-being of the planet Earth is more important than that of any single species living on it at present

Answer : 1) T.H. Green
Explanation : Edmund Burke, Michael Oakeshott and Friedrich Von Hayek are most prominent key figure of Conservatism. T.H. Green is a thinker of Positive Freedom or Liberty.

Answer : 4) Organicism
Explanation : Individualist anarchism is a subset of anarchism that places more emphasis on the person and their free will. The salient feature of ‘individualist anarchism are; Civil Disobedience, Ultra liberalism, Private property, The sovereignty of the individual, Natural law and Transcendentalism. Organicism is one of the features of Conservatism.

Answer : 4) Herbert Marcuse
Explanation : Post Modernism appeared after the end of World War II. There is no exact definition of post-modernism. According to post-modernists, truth is relative and not absolute. They also challenge the core values of western world. Post-modernists also, consider nationalism as a reason behind war. Major thinkers are:- Michel Foucault, Richard Rorty, Nietzsche, Derrida,
Lyotard.

Answer : (1) Laski
Explanation : Laski proponent of positive liberty said that “Every state is known by the rights that it maintains” because the modern concepts of rights is universal and egalitarian; therefore a state must grant equal rights to all the people without discrimination.

Answer : (3) B.S. Turner
Explanation : Pluralist Theory of Citizenship treats the development of citizenship as a multi-dimensional and complex process and attributes the evolution of the concept of citizenship to a diverse set of factors.

Answer : 4) Freedom against exploitation
Explanation : Roosevelt mentioned four types of freedom : Freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from fear and freedom of want.

Answer : 3) Eco-feminist
Explanation: Vandana Shiva is an Indian philosopher of science, physicist and an environmental activist. She is most known for her advocacy of biodiversity and her impact on the ecofeminist movement.

Answer : 3) Robert Dahl
Explanation : Supporter of Libertarianism are : Robert Nozick, Milton Friedman and F.A. Hayek. Robert Dahl is known for his Pluralistic view of Democracy.

Answer : (1) Subaltern School
Explanation : The Subaltern Studies was proclaimed by its adherents as a new school in the field of Indian history-writing; it analyzes the “binary relationship” of the subaltern and ruling classes.

Answer : 4) Democratic Socialism – Radical Change
Explanation : Democratic socialism is a political philosophy that advocates political democracy alongside a socially owned economy, with an emphasis on workers’ self-management and democratic control of economic institutions within a market or some form of a decentralised planned socialist economy.

Answer : 4) Rosa Luxemburg
Explanation : Neo-Marxism encompasses 20th-century approaches that amend or extend Marxism and Marxist theory, typically by incorporating elements from other intellectual traditions such as critical theory, psychoanalysis, or existentialism. Persons associated with Neo Marxism are Gramsci, Jurgen Habermas, Erich Fromm, Herbert Marcuse etc.

Answer : 2) Prescribed social roles
Explanation : Feminists argue that Women’s values are based primarily on Prescribed social roles. One way to interpret Beauvoir’s claim that one is not born but rather becomes a woman is to take it as a claim about gender socialisation: females become women through a process whereby they acquire feminine traits and learn feminine behaviour. Masculinity and femininity are
thought to be products of nurture or how individuals are brought up. For instance, Kate Millett takes gender differences to have “essentially cultural, rather than biological bases” that result from differential treatment.