(d) Machiavelli is considered as the father of Modern Political thought as he was the first to proposed the concept modern states ruled by Monarchy. He belong to the age of renaissance and broke the dominance of church over the statecraft.

(a) R.W Emerson was one of the most famous admirer of Plato’s Political Philosophy. He tributed Plato’s work by saying that “Plato is Philosophy, And philosophy is Plato”.

(d) Plato’s concept of Justice is the central pillar of his political philosophy. He in his famous work ‘Republic’ through a dialogue method described justice as attainment of a ideal state under which every men will be at a place which is determined by his virtue.

(c) I. K. Gujral proposed a foreign policy concept to improve India’s strength in Indian subcontinent by following a big brother or responsible brother policy by India. Gujral doctrine proposes that India while dealing with its small neighbouring country should try to formulate policy that more beneficial to its neighbour.

(b) The Treaty of Versailles ended World War I, but it was so unfair towards the defeated countries that it inspired the countries like Germany to revenge it back. Many scholars believes that the Treaty of Versailles itself sown the seed for World War 2.

(b) In 1991 Government of India postumously awarded Rajiv Gandhi the highest owner of the Nation ‘Bharat Ratna.’ He was killed by some member of LTTE terrorist organisation.

(c) Almond did a comparative study of Political development by using Structural Functional approach. He basically argued that the political development in any country is determined by the structure of its cultural institution.

(d) The Sawarn Singh commiittee was instituted during emergency by Indira Gandhi. The committee proposed multiple recommendation as fundamental duties of Indian. On the basis of these recommendation 11 fundamental duties are included under article 51A by an 42nd Amendment Act.

(a) There are five stages of evolution of Public Administration as a discipline:
Phase 1– Politics Administration dichotomy (1887–1926),
Phase 2– Principles of administration (1927–1937),
Phase 3– Era of Challenges (1938–1947),
Phase 4– Crises of Identity (1948–1970) and
Phase 5– Public Policy Perspective (1971–Present).

(c) Digital India Initiative by Government has objective to transform the country into a digitally empowered society and it also need to ensure availability of government services to citizen electronically.

(d) In 1742, Rousseau entered an essay competition sponsored by the Academie de Dijon. The question asked whether the development of the arts and sciences had a positive effect on morals. Rousseau won the competition, and his essay, “Discourse on the Arts and Sciences,” garnered him significant respect and fame. In 1755, he finished his second major work, Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men. The Emile, and his major work on political philosophy, The Social Contract: both published in 1762.

(d) On Liberty is a philosophical essay by the English philosopher John Stuart Mill. Published in 1859, it applies Mill’s ethical system of utilitarianism to society and state. The phrase “political obligation” is apparently no older than T. H. Green’s Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation, delivered at Oxford University in 1879–80. The Idea of Justice is a 2009 book by the economist Amartya Sen. The work is a critique and revision of John Rawls’s ideas in A Theory of Justice (1971). Anarchy, State, and Utopia is a 1974 book by the American political philosopher Robert Nozick.

(a) The book ‘The Future of Indian Politics’ is written by Annie Besant.

(d) Niccolò Machiavelli, in his book The Prince said that “For my part I consider that it is better to be adventurous than cautious, because fortune is a woman, and if you wish to keep her under it is necessary to beat and ill-use her; and it is seen that she allows herself to be mastered by the adventurous rather than by those who go to work more coldly.”

(c) The Poverty of Philosophy is a book by Karl Marx published in Paris and Brussels in 1847, where he lived in exile from 1843 until 1849. The book, formally titled The Poverty of Philosophy: Answer to the Philosophy of Poverty by M. Proudhon.

(b) The Flow Model of Political system is given by David Easton in his System theory.

(b) Almond borrowed most of the terminology of his approach from Talcott Parsons. He also included Parson’s vision to set out his structural functionalism.

(c) Fred Riggs is known for his works in Comparative Public Administration, especially his Riggsian Model. Fred Riggs is the father of Comparative Public Administration. In 1962 Fred Riggs in his article “Trends in comparative study of Public Administration”.

(c) French slogan of “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity” as an ideal has been borrowed from French Revolution to Indian constitution.

(d) Article 51A of the Indian Constitution deals with Fundamental Duties. As of now, there are 11 Fundamental duties. Originally, the Constitution of India did not contain these duties. Fundamental duties were added by 42nd and 86th Constitutional Amendment acts. Earlier Right to property was part of fundamental rights but in 1977 it was shifted to Article 300A.

(c) Zail Singh, President of India from 1982 until 1987, exercised a pocket veto to prevent the Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill from becoming law.

(c) Bipin Chandra made this observation to the nature of communalism. He tried to establish that communalism leads to multiple discrepancy in a social order.

(c) In the words of Morris Jones, outcome of elections indicated the emergence of ‘market polity.’ By this, it meant, a system in which large number of decisions are taken by a substantial number of participants, who stand in both positions, being dependent on with each other as well as in conflicts. The decisions in this alliance are reached by a process of bargaining, where no one is strong enough to impose his decisions.

(b) Line and staff functions indicate the pattern of distribution of authority in an organization. Simply stated, authority is the right to act. According to Koontz and others (1984), Authority in an organization is the power in a position to exercise discretion in making decisions affecting others.

(d) The Central Vigilance Commission was set up by the Government in February,1964 on the recommendations of the Committee on Prevention of Corruption, headed by Shri K. Santhanam, to advise and guide Central Government agencies in the field of vigilance

(d) The bill was first brought before the fourth Lok Sabha in 1968 and passed in 1969. However, the House was dissolved, resulting in the first death of the bill.

(d) India became an ASEAN Sectoral Dialogue Partner in 1992, a full ASEAN Dialogue Partner in 1995, and participated in the East Asia Summits (EAS) from 2005.

(b) Dag Hammarskjold defined Unite nation as the “Sharing in the name of solidarity’. By this statement he tried to elaborate the utility of United Nation.

(c) Sustainable History and the Dignity of Man is a new philosophy of history. This volume outlines how sustainable history is propelled by good governance, which balances the tension between the attributes. In this book Nayef Al-Rodhan mentioned some minimum criteria for ensuring good national governance. The criteria are Equity and Inclusiveness, Rule of Law and Transparency. A system of check and balance is not considered by him as minimum criteria.

(b) Nonfeasance is a legal concept that refers to the willful failure to execute or perform an act or duty required by one’s position, office, or law, whereby that neglect results in harm or damage to a person or property. The perpetrator can be found liable and subject to prosecution.

(b) The powers of the Parliamentary Ombudsman are to supervise the observance of laws by judges, government officials and other civil servants employees and to advise or prosecute officials who have acted illegally or have neglected their duties. He is not empowered to against the member of parliament.

(a) In Exchange system the jobs are exchanged of officials. It is not a substitute for merit system.

(a) Appropriation is the process of setting aside the money for a particular purpose or expenditure. As per Article 114 of the constitution of India, no amount can be withdrawn from the consolidated fund of India without authorisation from the parliament of India or legislature of the states. The Appropriation Bill is passed by the Parliament/state legislature and then it is presented to the President/ Governor after budgetary estimates are approved every year. It becomes an act after the assent by the President/governor to the bill.

(c) The Public Account of India was constituted by Article 266(2)of the Indian Constitution. It deals with the money received by the government, i.e. state provident funds, various pre deposits under income tax, depreciation and reserve funds of departmental undertakings are paid into public accounts.

(c) Demand for autonomy is a democratic right and not qualify for curtailing the freedom of speech and expression under Indian constitution.

(c) Yes, Its true that the transformation of the party system in India has centralized power at tier two of the government, namely at the state level. But its not right to say that regional parties have less willingness to decentralized power.

(b) The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was a major pan-Islamic movement started to save the Ottoman Empire and it extended to India against the British power. During the World War-I, Turkey helped Germany to war against British. Muslim leaders started the Khilafat movement to protest the allied act and to save the Ottoman.

(d) A mandamus writ is an order from a court to an inferior government official ordering the government official to properly fulfill their official duties or correct an abuse of discretion.

(c) An Economic Theory of Democracy is a treatise of economics written by Anthony Downs, published in 1957. Downs’ theory abstains from making normative statements about public policy choices and instead focuses on what is rational, given the relevant incentives, for government to do.

(c) Comparative politics emerged as a distinct field of political science in the United States in the late 1950s and the subsequent evolution of the field was driven largely by research associated with US universities.

(c) In his criticism of Lenin led revolution and his theory of revolution in Russian, G.H Sabine said that “Lenin’s party was designed to be an elite, a minority chosen for intellectual and moral superiority, the most advanced part of the working class and its vanguard”.

(c) The Nocturnal Council is, as it were, the finishing strokes of Plato’s Laws. Because in Book XII it is going to be introduced as a perfect and permanent safeguard for the regime and its laws of Magnesia. The Nocturnal Council is to consist of the ten oldest Guardians of the Laws; the Supervisor of Education and his predecessors; the Auditors; and younger citizens between the ages of thirty and forty whom each elder member of this body is to associate himself with.

(a) According to R.R Diwakar “it is not Gandhi who made Satyagraha but it is Satyagraha which made Gandhi the Mahatma”. He also said that Satyagraha would outlive him, the Gandhian model offers norms and techniques for our age.

(d) Naren arrived in San Francisco on 14 June 1916. Next morning newspapers carried the news in banner headline ‘a dangerous Hindu revolutionary, German spy, lands in the USA’. Naren quickly left his hotel and went to Stanford University to meet Professor Dhanagopal Mukherjee, the younger brother of a co-revolutionary, who changed Naren’s name to Manabendra Nath Roy. Dhanagopal introduced him as Manabendra Nath Roy to Dr David Jordan, the progressive minded President of the University. In Dr Jordan’s house, Roy met Evelyn Trent whom he later married in New York where Roys took shelter in the house of Lala Lajpat Rai.

(c) Aurobindo Ghose in Savitri said ‘God had appeared to him in prison, placed the Gita in his hands and made him realize the simple truths of the Sanatana Dharma’.

(b) Comparative Politics is the study of all forms of political activitygovernmental as well as non-governmental and all political phenomena.

(b) In Comparative Politics, Philosophical Approach was evolved in the primary stage and then evolved the behavioural approach, this was followed by Systems Approach and the next in line was New Institutional Approach.

(d) Input Functions:
(i) Political socialisation and recruitment
(ii) Interest articulation
(iii) Interest aggregation
(iv) Political communication.

(b) Max Weber and Talcott Parsons ideas influenced Gabriel Almond in deriving his model of Structural Functionalism. For Talcott Parsons, “structural-functionalism” came to describe a particular stage in the methodological development of social science, rather than a specific school of thought.

(b) As the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, the Vice-President presides over the meetings of the House. He has no vote except when there is a tie (article 100). Under the Constitution, the Chairman exercises only a casting vote in the case of a tie. The Vice-President of America doesn’t have this kind of power.

(d) Globalizaton leads to the compression of time-space and leads to integration of economy. Globalisation also build up superanational relation among people.

(b) In crucial situations, however, the ultimate concern of states is not for power but for security”. Kenneth Waltz argues that power is risky if one has too little or too much.

(b) Institutional approach derives its source of information through historical information available about the institution.

(b) Andrew Moravcsik, AnneMarie Slaughter, and Duncan Snidal led to a widespread disregard of the importance of international law. A.M Slaughter’s writing builds on a few distinct ideas: International law should be based on developments in IR, i.e., on liberal IR, where the individual is the fundamental actor.

(a) An Agenda for Peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peacekeeping, and Peace Building more commonly known simply as An Agenda for Peace, is a report written for the United Nations by Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali in 1992.

(a) French foreign minister Hubert Védrine popularized the term in 1998, because from France’s position, the United States looked like a hyperpower, although the validity of classifying the United States in this way was disputed.

(a) On April 17, 1961, 1,400 Cuban exiles launched what became a botched invasion at the Bay of Pigs on the south coast of Cuba. In 1959, Fidel Castro came to power in an armed revolt that overthrew Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista.

(b) Black Widow or shahidka, is a term for Islamist Chechen female suicide bombers, willing to be a manifestation of violent jihad. They became known at the Moscow theater hostage crisis of October 2002.

(a)
Antarctic treaty – 1959
UN Law of the sea – 1982
Kyoto Protocol – 1997
Cartogena Protocol – 2000

(d) Tryst with Destiny was a speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of independent India. The speech was made to the Indian Constituent Assembly, on the eve of India’s independence, towards midnight on 14 August 1947. It focuses on the aspects that transcend India’s history.

(b) Post-behaviouralism arose in response to behaviouralism, with its emphasis on quantitative, valuefree research, the kind of research that seems to take place in a vacuum, without any incorporation of societal values or movements, without any consideration for solving real problems in the complexities of the modern-day world. Since research and results in behaviouralism are largely quantitative and precise, this slogan is meant to attack that aspect of the movement. The postbehaviourist finds it better to be vague than non-relevantly precise. A vague result might result in more meaningful application to the problems of society than a precise answer that is completely irrelevant to the problems that must be solved in a society.

(a) John Rawls said “Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override.” For this reason justice denies that the loss of freedom for some is made right by a greater good shared by others.

(a) The father of utilitarianism is considered to be Jeremy Bentham, who believed the pleasure should be measured quantitatively. For example, if ten people wanted to eat chocolate, and one person wanted to read Shakespeare. Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher and political radical. He is primarily known today for his moral philosophy, especially his principle of utilitarianism, which evaluates actions based upon their consequences.

(c) People’s War was also known as Protracted People war was a maoist military strategy and not a book.

(c) After completion of legal education, Mahatma Gandhi struggled to find work as a lawyer. In 1893, he got an offer from Dada Abdullah who owned a shipping business in South Africa to serve as his cousin’s lawyer in South Africa. He accepted the offer and went to South Africa, which was a turning point in his political career.

(c) The Mexican Workers’ Party was an old Mexican political party of the left, that had legal registration in the 1980s, its main political figures were Heberto Castillo and Demetrio Vallejo. It was founded in 1917 as the Socialist Workers’ Party (Partido Socialista Obrero, PSO) by Manabendra Nath Roy, a left-wing Indian Bengali.

(b) Viceroy Lord Minto spoke of Aurobindo Ghose as Most dangerous man, he was a proponent of Purna Swaraj against the mighty British Empire in the early 20th century.

(c) The stages of Political Development as enunciated by A.F.K. Organski are as follows; First come Primitive National Unification and then industrialization, after this starts national welfare and at last comes Abundance stage.

(a) Duverger refers to, what he calls pseudo-pressure groups. These groups include specialists who use pressure politics not for themselves, but for others. This is often done for monetary consideration. Duverger includes in this category, the technical experts as well as information (mass) media.

(a) Myron Weiner & Joseph La Palombara in their book ‘Political parties and political development’ trace the origins and development of political parties, explore their impact on the system in which they exist, and raise new questions about the potential role of parties. Originally published in 1966.

(c) 91st amendment act states that the size of the council of ministers and the respective state governments should not be more than 15% (Fifteen Percent) of the total members of lower house (i.e. 15% strength of Lok Sabha in the parliament and 15% strength of lower houses of respective states legislatures (the minimum strength in the case of small states (Sikkim, Mizoram, Goa) is being 12 due to lower strength of the Legislative assembly of that states) Sikkim – 32, Mizoram – 40, Goa – 40.

(b) Government sets up Dileep Singh Bhuria Committee for extending the provisions of 73rd and 74th amendments to scheduled areas in 1994. In January 1995 Bhuria Committee submits its report. It recommends Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas (PESA) for rural tribal areas and Municipalities Extension to the Scheduled Areas (MESA) for urban tribal areas.

(c) The correct sequence as per constitution of India of all the writs under article 32 are: Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto at last.

(b) The sequence of political as well as the administrative steps taken by the British administration in India is as follows: Morley-Minto Reform in 1909, Montague-Chelmsford report in 1919, Simon commission in 1927 and Cripps Mission in 1942.

(b) The Montague-Chelmsford reforms were set out in the government of India act of 1919. If the British thought that they would be welcomed by Indians but they were mistaken. Many Indians had fought with British in the war. The congress and the League had come together, calling for safe rule, and they were disappointed by the new structure. At a session of congress in August 1918 the reforms were condemned as ‘inadequate, unsatisfactory and disappointing’. Only moderates in Congress supported the measures and they were excluded from the party. The local people had more say in how their country was governed but the British maintained their power by ensuring that the viceroy had the authority to govern India.

(b) Both the statements are true but they don’t have any relation among them. The second statement is not a reason behind the assertion made in the first statement.

(c) Yes, Its true that bulk of provisions in Indian constitution were borrowed from Government of India Act 1935. But Congress party newer passed any kind of resolution for adopting Government of India Act 1935 as the basis of the Indian constitution.

(d) Weber applies the term charisma to certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These are such as are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as of divine origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader.

(b) Budgeting is not one among the bases of Organisation structure according to public administration theorists.

(a) In India taxation is a power that is derived from the constitution . The law says that any kind of taxation can be levied only under the legislation made by Parliament of India. Any kind of tax not notified by parliamentary act or any legislative law by state legislative is invalid and unconstitutional.

(d) Development administration is a dynamic concept which brings about socio-economic and politico-economic changes in society. Aiming towards development, it strives for change, growth, progress and overall development in every sphere of a country. It was first introduced by Edward W. Weidner.
The following are the characteristics of development administration:
• Change-oriented
• Result-oriented
• Client-oriented
• Citizen participation oriented
• Commitment to fulfill public demands
• Concerned with innovation
• Administration of industrialsocieties
• Effectiveness of coordination

(a) A domicile certificate not only prove the residence status of a person but also makes him eligible to avail various benefits based on his or her domicile such as education, job and other benefits such as resident quotas in the government service and educational institutions. USA was the first country to introduce domicile condition for public administration servant job.

(a) The position minister of Personnel, public grievance and pensions considered to be a powerful one as of it is the cadre controlling authority of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), and is the administering agency of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and the Public Enterprises Selection Board (PESB).

(c) Reappropriation, which implies the transfer of funds from one primary unit of appropriation to another such unit within a grant, can be sanctioned under formal orders of a competent authority, only when it is known or anticipated that the appropriation for the unit from which funds are to be diverted.

(d) The advancement of an employee within a company position or job tasks. A job promotion may be the result of an employee’s proactive pursuit of a higher ranking or as a reward by employers for good performance. Typically is also associated with a higher rate of pay or financial bonus.

(a) Sadiq Ali Committee was appointed to report on the working of the Panchayat system in Rajasthan by government of Rajasthan and not in for all over India. G.V.K. Rao Committee was appointed by the Planning Commission to study the panchayati raj structure in India.

(b)

(a) The scheme of Joint Consultative Machinery is a platform for constructive dialogue between the representatives of the staff side and the official side for peaceful resolution of all disputes between the Government as employer and the employees. The scheme was introduced in 1966 with the objectives of promoting harmonious relations and securing the greatest measure of cooperation between the Central Government as the employer and the employees in matters of common concern and with the object of further increasing the efficiency of the public service combined with the well being of those employed. The Cabinet Secretary is the Chairman of the Council. He is the leader of the official side and is connecting link between the government and the employees.

(b) Executive Control Over Administration is a type of control works automatically and spontaneously with the movement of Government machinery. It is a sort of self-regulating device which controls the movement of machinery of which it is a part. Administrative structure is hierarchical in nature.

(a) Due to the delay caused by hierarchical structure in the disposal of work. The Government of India started what is known as “file jumping experiment”. Both the statement are correct and second one is an appropriate explanation behind the first statement.

(b)
Beitz – On global Justice
Gautheir – Justice as mutual advantage
Dworkin – On Equality
Nozick – Entitlement Theory of
Justice

(d) Timaeus is one of Plato’s dialogues, mostly in the form of a long monologue given by the title character Timaeus of Locri, written c. 360 BC. The work puts forward speculation on the nature of the physical world and human beings and is followed by the dialogue Critias.

(b) Under Rawls theory of justice he proposed two principle; Equality principle and Difference principle. Both the statement in question are in resonance with those principle. But not dependent on each other for explanation.

(c) The book, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights was published in 1995 by Will Kymlicka. Multicultural Citizenship focuses on both theory and on a contemporary problem – that of multiculturalism and group rights. Attempts to provide a model and policy guidelines.

(b) Mao Zedong said that ‘Political work is the life-blood of all economic work.’ This is particularly true at a time when the social and economic system is undergoing fundamental change.

(d) Gandhi believes in the Idea of Truth and Non-Violence. He never supported lie or violence as a peace to achieve any End. He propagated that End and means both should be Justified.

(a) In Machiavellian thought end justifies the means. Because according to Machiavelli the key objective of the Prince was to bring unity and integrity of the State. Hence, achieving this End justifies all the wrong measures taken by the prince.

(a) The Idea of Justice as fairness in Rawlsian theory flows from individual. Rawls never wished to compromise with the individual liberty.

(a)
(Books)                                (Thinkers)
Marx, Gandhi and Socialism – Ram Manohar Lohia
Gandhi and Gandhism – BR Ambedkar
Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol – Aurobindo
Gitanjali – Rabindranath Tagore

(a)
List-I                    List-II
Late Capitalism – Fredric Jameson
Deconstructionism – Jacques Derrida
Collapse of grand Narrative – Lyotard
Concept of knowledge and power – Michel Foucault