(a) Kautilya in his Arthashastra discuss the danger and challenges to an established political system. He was aware of the possibility of Anarchy. Hence he recommended a strong state ruled by a virtuous monarch. Both the statement are correct and the reason statement provides a valid explanation behind the assertion statement.

(b) Plato’s philosophy was influenced not only by Socrates, but also by the philosophical outlook of Pythagoras, Parmenides and Heraclitus. He did not acquire the notion of absolute asceticism and rigorous self-mortification from Antisthenes.

(b)

(a) The Lockean labour theory is the justification of private property that is based on the natural right of one’s ownership of one’s own labour, and the right to nature’s common property to the extent that one’s labour can utilize it. According to him the function of human labour is to convert the earth into a consumable good or commodity.

(c) Its purpose is to explore ideas about justice, morality, equality, and social status in a structured manner. The Veil of Ignorance, a component of social contract theory, allows us to test ideas for fairness. Behind the Veil of Ignorance, no one knows who they are. Parties not even knows about their special psychological propensities.

(c) Robert Nozick in his Entitlement Theory while criticising the Concept of Welfare notion of State said that “Welfare State is a kind of Enslavement”. He was a Neo-Liberal.

(d) E.M.S Namboodiripad was an eminent Marxist of his time. He wrote a book ‘Mahatma and Ism’ to provide a Marxist interpretation of Gandhian Political Ideas and Philosophy.

(d) M.N Roy’s Constitution of Free India: A Draft was published in 1944. It was endorsed and released for public discussion by the Radical Democratic Party of which M.N. Roy was an important member. The Draft, according to him, would achieve three objectives: first, remove Indian political parties as intermediaries between the British and the Indian people on questions of India’s constitutional future and the transfer of power; second, articulate a novel constitutional vision for the country and; third, expedite the transfer of power from the British to the Indian people.

(d) The key feature of PostBehavioural Political theories was that, they are no more ethnocentric in nature. Their centre of focus is third world nations. Ethnocentrism is a property of behavioural Political Theory.

(b) Robert Dahl’s model for a procedural democracy is presented in his book ‘Democracy and its Critics’.

(c) According to the bureaucratic theory of Max Weber, bureaucracy is the basis for the systematic formation of any organisation and is designed to ensure efficiency and economic effectiveness. It is an ideal model for management and its administration to bring an organisation’s power structure into focus. He didn’t believe that dominant authority is hierarchical and related to state and ruling class.

(b) The desire for union, not unity is an essential precondition for establishing a federation. To say in the words of Albert Venn Dicey: “There should be a desire for union rather than unity.” It means that the states seeking a federation must not extinguish their own identity.

(a) Lijphart was of the view that there is no direct connection between the shape of a political culture and the stability of governance. He establish the political culture have negligible impact on the political system.

(a) The United State House of Representatives which is also known as the Congress is the most critical barrier in the exercise of power by President of US. The Funding for implementation of any decision taken by US president need to be passed by Congress.

(d) C. Wright Mills’ The Power Elite (1956) offered a general analysis of elites in USA. According to Mills, the eponymous “power elite” are those that occupy the dominant positions in the dominant institutions (military, economic and political) of a dominant country, and their decisions (or lack of decisions) have enormous consequences, not only for the U.S. population, but “the underlying populations of the world.”

(c) Talcott Parsons in his book ‘On the Concept of Political Power’ elaborated Power as money. Parsons juxtaposes the use of money in an economic system to the use of power in a political system throughout the article, showing similarities in the use of both.

(a) In politics, a big tent or catch-all party is a type of political party that seeks to attract voters from different points of view and ideologies. The party system in western Europe after the Second World War represented the notion of catch all Party.

(c) Hannah Arendt in her Idea of Revolutionary Leadership expressed that the success of a revolution occurs when it is limited to the political and not extending to the social.

(d) Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism book was published by Miguel Korzeniewicz, Gary Gereffi. In this book they propagated the idea of World System theory. Its quoted in this book that The Capitalist world economy is made up of “Commodity Chains” of producers and consumers, sellers and buyers linking countries in the core of the world economy”.

(c) The critics charged that the Constituent Assembly was dominated by the Congress party. Granville Austin, a British Constitutional expert, remarked that ‘the Constituent Assembly was a
one-party body in an essentially one party country. The Assembly was the Congress and the Congress was India’.