Ans: 3) A, B, D only
Explanation: Rousseau, Marx, and Engels argue that liberty is destroyed when the propertied classes dominate others. Rousseau links this to private property creating inequality and loss of freedom. Marx and Engels believe capitalism allows the bourgeoisie to control and exploit the proletariat, undermining true liberty.

Ans: 1) Discourse on the Science and Arts
Explanation: In his Discourse on the Science and Arts (1750), Rousseau argues that advancements in knowledge and culture have led to moral corruption rather than progress. He believes that civilization has distanced humans from their natural innocence and virtues.

Explanation: John Rawls introduced the concepts of:
Veil of Ignorance – A thought experiment ensuring fairness by making decisions without knowing one’s social status.
Primary Social Goods – Basic resources (rights, liberties, wealth, opportunities) necessary for a just society.
Pure Procedural Justice – Justice based on fair procedures rather than predetermined outcomes.
These ideas are central to his theory of justice (A Theory of Justice, 1971).

Explanation: Thomas Hobbes claimed that the science of politics began with him as he developed a systematic, scientific approach to political philosophy. In De Corpore, he stated that political science was no older than himself. Unlike historical or theological interpretations, Hobbes’ approach was rational and deductive, based on definitions and logical consequences rather than experience or history.

Explanation: Antonio Gramsci introduced the concepts of “war of maneuver” (direct, rapid revolutionary struggle) and “war of position” (gradual ideological and cultural struggle within society). He emphasized the importance of hegemonic control rather than just direct force in political change.

Ans: 3) The demagogue
Explanation:
Aristotle criticized popular rule on the grounds that the masses would resent the wealth of the few, and too easily fall under the sway of a demagogue (a political leader whose control over the masses is based on the ability to whip up hysterical enthusiasm).
He therefore advocated a ‘mixed’ constitution that combined elements of both democracy and aristocracy, and left the government in the hands of the ‘middle classes, those who were neither rich nor poor.

Explanation: Locke’s Two Treatises of Government refutes both Filmer (who justified the divine right of kings) and Hobbes (who supported absolute sovereignty). The metaphor of a “gun with two barrels” highlights how Locke systematically dismantled their arguments to establish his theory of natural rights, limited government, and social contract.

Ans: 3) Rousseau
Explanation: Rousseau, in The Social Contract, argues against extreme economic inequality. He believes no citizen should be wealthy enough to buy another or so poor as to be forced to sell himself. His idea of equality focuses on preventing excessive power and wealth concentration rather than enforcing absolute equality.

Ans: 3) Class in itself
Explanation:
The following concepts are related to John Rawls:
(i) Justice as Fairness: Rawls theory of justice describes a society of free citizens holding equal basic rights and cooperating within an egalitarian economic system.
(ii) Distributive Justice: According to Rawls, the problem of justice consists in ensuring a just distribution of ‘primary goods’.
(iii) Veil of Ignorance: The Veil of ignorance is a component of social contract theory, allows us to test ideas for fairness. Behind the veil, no one knows about his or her special psychological propensities and it is known as Original Position.

Ans: 2) D, C, B, A
Explanation: ▪ The Given books published in Correct Chronological Order:-
Leviathan – Thomas Hobbes (1651)
Two Treaties on Civil government – John Locke (1689)
Social Contract – Rousseau (1762)
Province of jurisprudence determined – John Austin (1832)

Ans: 2) Hannah Arendt
Explanation: ▪ Hannah Arendt said that “It is better to suffer wrong than to do wrong.”
▪ Arendt’s thinking was influenced by her reflections on moral and political responsibility, and this statement captures her emphasis on the significance of personal integrity and the consequences of one’s actions.

Ans: 1) De Cive
Explanation: ▪ The following statement “Law is the command of that person whose percept contains in the reason of obedience” is related with De Cive book which was written by Thomas Hobbes in 1642.

Ans: 2) Plato
Explanation: Plato, in The Republic, advocates for an ascetic form of communism for the ruling elite, aiming to remove material desires that could lead to greed and social disorder. He believes justice and harmony are achieved when rulers focus on virtue rather than wealth.

Ans: 4) B and D only
Explanation: In Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (1755), Rousseau distinguishes between:
Natural (Physical) Inequality – Differences based on biology, such as strength or intelligence.
Conventional (Moral/Political) Inequality – Created by society, based on wealth, power, and privileges.
He argues that social institutions, especially private property, worsen inequality and corrupt natural human equality.

Ans: 2) B. R. Nelson
Explanation: ▪ B.R. Nelson in his book – Western Political Thought – From Socrates to the Age of Ideology mentions that Karl Marx had developed on the idea of “praxis” in a short eleven paragraphs or thesis, that Marx had written to himself in 1845.
These Eleven Theses were compiled into a book published in 1845 – ‘Theses on Feuerbach.’

Ans: 4) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
Explanation: ▪ These are Quotations from the Original Texts of these thinkers on Political Thought.
A. The sovereignty of reason amounts to an article of faith for Hegel – McDonald
B. The rational is the real and the real is the rational – Hegel
C. Men as well as women, do not need political rights in order that they may govern, but in order that they may not be misgoverned – J. S. Mill
D. The principle of utility can be criticized for being uninspiring – Ebenstein

Ans: 2) Aristotle
Explanation: Aristotle states that “A state exists for the sake of good life and not for the sake of life only; if life only were the object, slaves and brute animals might form a state.” He argues that the state is meant for cultivating virtue and reasoned action, which slaves and animals lack. The polis (city-state) enables free speech and rational decision-making, making it distinct from subordinate communities like households.

Ans: 2) A, B, C, D only
Explanation: Gramsci, in Prison Notebooks, distinguishes between “Progress” as an ideology shaped by historical and cultural contexts and “Becoming” as a broader philosophical concept of change, which may not always imply progress. He states that progress depends on a specific mentality and that both concepts emerged simultaneously.

Ans: 4) A, C, D only
Explanation: Black Skin, White Masks by Frantz Fanon includes chapters on The Negro and Language, The Negro and Psychopathology, and The Negro and Recognition. However, “The Negro and Culture” is not a chapter in the book. Fanon’s work focuses on race, language, psychoanalysis, and colonial identity.

Ans: 1) Machiavelli
Explanation: M.B. Foster argues that Machiavelli’s political thought reflects a pagan revival rather than a Protestant ethic. In The Prince, Machiavelli emphasizes power, pragmatism, and political necessity over traditional Christian morality, aligning more with classical pagan virtues of strength and cunning.

Ans: 1) A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
Explanation:  The Given Books matched with their respective Authors are as
follows:
On Violence – Hannah Arendt
Reason and Revolution – Herbert Marcuse
Where Do We Go From Here – Martin Luther King Jr.
The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot – Russell Kirk

Ans: 2) A Vindication of Rights of Woman
Explanation: In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), Mary Wollstonecraft critiques Rousseau’s Émile, where he presents Sophie (Sophia) as the ideal woman, educated for subservience to men. Wollstonecraft argues against this, advocating for equal education for women.

Ans: 4) Apology
Explanation: Apology is not written by Aristotle; it is a work by Plato. It presents Socrates’ defense during his trial in Athens. Aristotle, on the other hand, wrote Politics, Nicomachean Ethics, and Eudemian Ethics, focusing on political philosophy and ethics.

Ans: 1) A, B, D, C
Explanation: In Leviathan (Part I: Of Man), Hobbes discusses human perception and cognition in a structured order:
Of Sense – Explains the origin of thoughts from sensory experience.
Of Imagination – Describes how thoughts persist after sensory input.
Of Speech – Explains the role of language in structuring thoughts.
Of Reason and Science – Discusses logical reasoning and knowledge.

Ans: 1) (B) and (D) only
Explanation:
B. Dual morality: Machiavelli establishes a dual morality in The Prince, where rulers must separate private morality from political necessity. A ruler should use virtue (virtù) and, if needed, deception, cruelty, or force to maintain power and stability.
D. Citizen army: Machiavelli opposes mercenaries and supports a citizen army, arguing that mercenaries are unreliable and dangerous, while a citizen army is loyal and essential for a strong state.

Why A and C are incorrect:
A. Not written with a democratic spirit: The Prince advocates for a strong, cunning ruler rather than democratic governance.
C. Not anti-secular: Machiavelli separates politics from religion, but he is not anti-secular. He argues that religion can be used as a political tool.

Ans: 2) Ideas
Explanation: According to Plato, Ideas (Forms) are perfect, eternal, immutable, and fixed. He believed that the physical world is just an imperfect copy of the world of Ideas, which represents ultimate reality and truth. While matter and raw material are constantly changing, Ideas remain unchanged and serve as the foundation for true knowledge.

Ans: 3) Confucius
Explanation: The Analects was compiled by disciples of Confucius in the centuries following his death in 479 B.C.E.
The Analects is a collection of phrases and historical tales embodying the basic values of the Confucian tradition: learning, morality, ritual decorum, and filial piety.

Correct Answer: 1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Assertion (A): Inner contradictions of capitalism will destroy capitalism. Correct – This is a key idea in Marxist theory, where capitalism is seen as an unstable system with inherent contradictions that will ultimately lead to its downfall.
Reason (R): Exploitation of surplus value is the biggest contradiction of capitalism. Correct – According to Karl Marx, surplus value is created by workers but is appropriated by capitalists, leading to class struggle and economic crises. This contradiction is fundamental to capitalism’s instability.
Since the exploitation of surplus value is central to capitalism’s contradictions and eventual downfall, R correctly explains A.

Correct Answer: 3) Jean-Paul Sartre
Explanation:
Jean-Paul Sartre, a French existentialist philosopher, wrote the preface to Frantz Fanon’s The Wretched of the Earth (1961).
Sartre’s preface is a powerful endorsement of Fanon’s anti-colonial arguments and revolutionary struggle against colonial oppression.
Sartre describes violence as a necessary tool for decolonization and condemns European colonialism for its brutal exploitation of the colonized.
This preface is considered one of Sartre’s most controversial and influential political writings.

Correct Answer: 1) (A), (B), (C) only
Ans: The following statements are correct in regards to John Locke:
A) He subscribes empiricism
B) He has written ‘Essay Concerning Human Understanding’.
C) He believes in limited state.
Rousseau is the propounder of Popular Sovereignty, not Locke.

Ans: 1) Mao Tse-Tung
Explanation: Mao Tse-Tung / Mao Zedong, the former Chairman of the Communist Party of China, is often credited with the quote, “Politics is war without bloodshed, while war is politics with bloodshed.”
The statement reflects the idea that politics and war are closely intertwined and that the strategies and tactics used in one domain can be applied to the other.

Ans: 2) (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
Explanation: Virtue is knowledge – Plato
Success is virtue – Machiavelli
Knowledge is power – Foucault
Power is production of intended effects – Russell

Ans: 1) A and C only
Explanation: Hobbes, in the context of describing Human Nature says: Human will, in Hobbes’ philosophy, did not imply anything spiritual or transcendental but was related to the natural needs of the body.
There “is no Summum Bonum” (Greatest Good) according to Hobbes.
There is no such thing as perpetual tranquility of mind, because our Life itself is always in Motion, and life can never be without Desire, nor without Fear, no more than without Sense.

Ans: 3) Rousseau
Explanation: Jean Jacques-Rousseau in his book “The Social Contract” (1762) said, “The English people believes itself to be free; it is gravely mistaken; it is free only during the election of Members of Parliament; as soon as the Members are elected, the people is enslaved; it is nothing.

Ans: 4) A and B only
Explanation: The following books are written by Lenin:
What is to be done (1902)
State and Revolution (1918)
The books –
What is History book was written by E.H. Carr.
Marxism Today was a journal. The journal was associated with the Communist
Party of Great Britain and focused on Marxist theory, politics, and culture.

Ans: 2) A – III, B – I, C – II, D – IV
Explanation: State as Class – Marx and Lenin.
State as Ethical Life – Rousseau, Hegel, Green.
State as Power – Machiavelli and Hobbes.
Minimal State – Robert Nozick and Hayek.

Ans : 3) J.J. Rousseau
Explanation : Rousseau mentioned the existence of 2 types of inequalities – Natural and Moral. The former refers to inequalities arising from one’s health conditions, age or physical features. On the other hand, moral inequality is the one that is established by man.

Ans: 4) C, A, B, D
Explanation: The Given books published in Correct Chronological Order:
The German Ideology – Karl Marx (1845-46)
The State and Revolution – V. Lenin (1918)
The Political System – David Easton (1953)
The Structure of Scientific Revolution – Thomas Kuhn (1962)

Answer: 4) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true.
Explanation: Statement I is false because Karl Marx wrote his Doctoral dissertation, not a Master’s dissertation, on Epicurus and Democritus, not Hegel.
Statement II is true because, in a Communist society, as per Marx, there is no rigid division of labor, allowing individuals to engage in multiple activities rather than being confined to a single exclusive role.

Ans : (2) Aristotle
Explanation : In his work ‘Nicomachean Ethics’ Aristotle states; “One form of particular justice, and of that which is just in the corresponding sense, concerns the distribution of honour or money or other things that are divisible among those who have a share in the constitution (for in these cases it is possible for one man to have a share either equal or unequal to that of
another); the other form rectifies the conditions of a transaction”.

Answer: 1) D, B, A, C
Explanation: According to Hegel, the Absolute Consciousness (God) reveals itself in the following order:
Simple Consciousness (D) – The initial stage of awareness.
Self-Consciousness (B) – Awareness of the self as distinct.
Reason (A) – Rational understanding of the world.
Spirit (C) – The highest stage, where individuals grasp their unity with the Absolute.

Ans: 4) A, C, B, D
Explanation: These are books written by Karl Marx in Correct Chronological
Order: (published years)
Holy Family – 1845
The Poverty of Philosophy – 1847
Critique of Political Economy – 1859
Value, Price and Profit – 1868

Ans : 4) Jean Jacques Rousseau
Explanation : Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote the paper entitled “A Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Science” in the year 1750.

Ans : 3) A, C Only
Explanation : According to John Rawls Justice is the first virtue of Social Institutions and in a just society the rights secured by justice are not subject of political bargaining.

Ans : 2) Frantz Fanon
Explanation : Frantz Fanon authored the book Black Skin, White Masks in the year 1952.

Ans : 3) Socrates and his accusers
Explanation : Plato’s The Apology (Published in 1897) is an account of the speech Socrates makes at the trail in which he is charged with not recognizing the gods recognized by the states. The name of dialogue derives from the Greek word ”apologia” which means as a defense.

Ans : 1) Book -1
Explanation : In Book-1 of Politics Aristotle justifies slavery. According to him; in order to be just, social norms must reflect what is natural and slavery is natural.

Ans : 3) A, B, C only
Explanation : According to Aristotle slavery is just and beneficial (for the slave and for the owner) if the enslaved naturally lacks the capacity to deliberate.
There are some human beings who naturally lack the capacity to deliberate.
Therefore, there are some human beings whose enslavement would be just and beneficial.

Ans : 3) A, B, D, C
Explanation : Apology : 399 BC
Republic : 386 BC
Statesman : 360 BC
Laws : 347 BC

Ans : 3) Discourses on Inequality
Explanation : Machiavelli wrote Art of War in the year 1521, Discourses on Livy in 1532 and The Prince in 1532 as well. Discourses on Inequality written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in the year 1755.

Ans : 2) (A-IV), (B-III), (C-II), (D-I)
Explanation : (A) Hobbes’s defense of Absolutism involves the dual claims that consent is the foundation of legitimate authority and that sovereignty is necessarily absolute.
(B) Locke’s theory of consent suggest that the very essence of Constitutional Government is to alter and compound the natural functions of government in a mix of persons and institutions.
(C) The central tenant of Rousseau’s Popular Sovereignty is that the legitimacy of a government’s authority and of its laws is based on the consent of the governed.
(D) Mill argues for Proportional Representation, a type of representation encompassing multiple methods that ensure minority groups are represented.

Ans : 2) 1821
Explanation : The Hegel’s book Philosophy of Right published in the year 1821.

Ans : 3) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.
Explanation : John Stuart Mill divided all actions of the individuals into two categories viz., self regarding actions and other regarding actions. He says “Liberty consists in doing what one desires”.

Ans : 2) Thomas Paine
Explanation : Thomas Paine authored the book ‘The Rights of Man’ in the year 1791 posits that popular political revolution is permissible when a government does not safeguard the natural rights of the people.

Ans : 2) B and C only
Explanation : A. The Post-Modern Conditions written by Jean Francois Lyotard in the year 1979.
B. The Post Card : From Socrates to Freud and Beyond written by Jacques Derrida in the year 1980.
C. The Wretched of the Earth written by Frantz Fanon in the year 1961.
D. The Human Condition written by Hannah Arendt in the year 1958.

Ans : 3) Jeremy Bentham
Explanation : Jeremy Bentham envisaged that liberal democracy as a political apparatus would ensure the accountability of the governors to the governed.

Ans : 4) The final source of state is the right to self defence of human being
Explanation : According to Locke; the state of nature was one of peace and mutual assistance and the right to property is prior to the society and one of the natural rights. The first essay of the Two Treatises of Government (Published in 1689) was devoted to the refutation of Filmer and second essay outlines Locke’s ideas for a more civilized society.

Ans : 4) Discourses on Education
Explanation : Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Men in the year 1790, A Vindication of the Rights of Women in the year 1792 and Thoughts on the Education of Daughters in the year 1787. Discourses on Education written by John Adams.

Ans : 1) D, C, B and A only
Explanation : According to Hegel War is not regarded as an evil but a virtue; it effectively displays the “irony of the divine area” and destroy the selfish egoism of the individual. War is a “positive moment” wherein the state asserts itself as an individual, establishing its rights and interests.

Ans : 4) Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
Explanation : The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State is a book written by Friedrich Engels in the year 1884.

Ans : 1) A and B only
Explanation : The rights of woman and Bentham’s utilitarianism in toto aspects have been defended by J. S. Mill

Ans : 1) A – II, B – I, C – IV, D – III
Explanation : A. Representative Government written by John Stuart Mill in the year 1861.
B. Outlines of the Philosophy of Right written by Friedrich Hegel in the year 1820.
C. The German Ideology written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the year 1932.
D. Letter on Toleration written by John Locke in the year 1689.

Ans : 1) Machiavelli
Explanation : The Art of War written by Niccolo Machiavelli in the year 1521.

Ans : 3) B, A, D, E, C
Explanation : According to Karl Marx’s theory of historical materialism; societies pass through six stages – primitive communism, slave society, feudalism, capitalism, socialism and finally stateless communism.

Ans : 1) D, B, E, C, A
Explanation :
Thinker            Birth Year
Aristotle           384 BCE
Machiavelli        1469
Hobbes             1588
Locke               1632
Rousseau          1712

Ans : 3) Hobbes
Explanation : Thomas Hobbes well-known for making a significant contribution to political theory such as obligation, state of nature, and negative view of human nature.

Ans : 4) A and B only
Explanation : Hegel viewed State as the March of God on Earth. Hegel in his book “The Philosophy of Right”, Women are capable of education, but they are not made for activities which demand a universal faculty such as the more advanced sciences, philosophy.

Ans: 1) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct Explanation of A
Explanation : Wollstonecraft was influenced by what was happening in Europe during the French Revolution and Equal rights for men. In her famous book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) she urged that women and men be given equal chances in education, labour and politics challenging the concept that women exist solely to please men.

Ans: 2) Plato and Hegel
Explanation : Karl Popper in his popular work The Open Society and Its Enemies criticised Hegel, Plato and Marx as enemies of the open society.

Ans : 3) A, B, C, D
Explanation : The Origin of Totalitarianism : 1951
The Human Condition : 1953
On Revolution : 1963
On Violence : 1970

Ans : 2) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct Explanation of A
Explanation : John Locke was portrayed as possessive individualist as he argues for an extreme form of individualism including Right to property which is part of Locke’s three natural rights : Life, Liberty and Property.
Locke was not in favour of merely maximizing interest as he also imposes some limits on property right.

Ans : 1) V I Lenin
Explanation : In 1917, Lenin in his work Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism made this statement.

Ans : 2) Locke
Explanation : In his famous work Two Treatises of Governance Locke asserts that all government is fiduciary, or founded on trust.

Ans : 3) Rousseau
Explanation : Emile, Or Treatise on Education was authored by Rousseau in the year 1762. It describes an attempt to educate a simple and pure natural child for life in a world from which social man is estranged.

Ans: (4) A, B and C only
Explanation : According to Aristotle State is natural and the authority of the state is moral.

Ans : 2) B and D only
Explanation : Books of Animals and Books of Summers and Winters are not written by Confucius. He has written Books of Changes and Books of Songs which are part of his classics.

Ans : 2) Mao Zedong
Explanation : Mao Zedong says that “Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun” during the Chinese Communist Party emergency meeting on August 7, 1927.

Ans: (1) Antonio Gramsci
Explanation : Gramsci described it as a form of intellectual and moral leadership overseen by organizations and political and cultural figures he referred to as organic and traditional intellectuals as well as opposing viewpoints.

Ans : 4) A and C only
Explanation : The Difference Principle is the second principle of justice which asserts that any disparity allowed in society should only be allowed if it benefits society’s most vulnerable members. His Theory of Justice as Fairness describes a society of free citizens holding equal basic rights and cooperating within an egalitarian economic system.

Ans : 1) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
Explanation : In his Theory of obligation, Hobbes gives three reasons why one should obey the sovereign. He also talks about the moral consideration that must honour their contracts.

Ans: (2) Aristotle and Hegel
Explanation : According to Aristotle; the relation of male to female is by nature a relation of superior to inferior and ruler to ruled. (Politics – 350 BCE)
According to Hegel, women are by nature destined to play the passive role of embodiment and upholder of family values. (Phenomenology of Spirit – 1807)

Ans: (4) Political Economy
Explanation : J.S. Mill outlined his ideal type of governance which he founded on – Institutions of self-government, Protection for minorities and Proportional Representation.

Ans: (4) (D), (B), (A), (C)
Explanation : The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts : 1844
The Communist Manifesto : 1848
Capital (Das Kapital) : 1867
The Critique of the Gotha Programme : 1875

Ans: (4) Johann Gottfried Herder
Explanation : Johann Gottfried Herder is thought of as the father of cultural nationalism; he argued that people have a national character regardless of where they are. His philosophy epitomizes the sense of belonging and solace that can come from nationalism and the necessity of safeguarding common cultural bonds.

Ans: 4) A, B, C and D Only
Explanation : Marx identified four types of alienation : Alienation of the worker from the products of his labour; experienced during the course of production or labour; from the nature of our species or human existence; of man from man or society.

Ans: (3) (A)-(IV), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)
Explanation : Hannah Arendt : The Human Condition (1958)
Frantz Fanon : The Wretched of the Earth (1961)
Mao Tse Tung : Little Red Book (1964)
John K. Galbraith : The Affluent Society (1958)

Ans: 3) UK
Explanation : Karl Marx though resided in Germany, France, Belgium, United Kingdom but by Nationality he was Prussian (1818-1845) and after that he became stateless. Marx moved to London in early June 1849 and would remain based in the city for the rest of his life. The headquarters of the Communist League also moved to London.

Ans: 1) J.S. Mill
Explanation : In defending freedom of expression, Mill assumes that it is no longer necessary to restate its political function in protecting citizens from the operations of corrupt and tyrannical governments. Instead, he is particularly concerned to establish a case for the freedom to express unpopular views which go against the prevailing public opinion. A person’s right to express his
opinion does not depend on the extent to which his view is shared by others.
“If all mankind minus one were of one opinion, and only one person was of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind.”

Ans: 2) Plato
Explanation : Dialectic method was used for the first time in the writings of Plato. Dialectic is the name Plato gives to his method, to the highest form of thought. In dialectic one examines one’s assumptions, one’s basic concepts, and one arrives at better assumptions and concepts. It is also known as the art of investigating or discussing the truth of opinions.

Ans: 1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct Explanation of (A)
Explanation : As per Machiavelli ends justifies the means i.e he was in favour of using force and other tactics so that stability is achieved. As per him King’s main purpose should be to bring unity and integrity in the state. Machiavelli in his book ” The Prince” believed as a ruler, it was better to be widely feared than to be greatly loved; A loved ruler retains authority by obligation while a
feared leader rules by fear of punishment.

Ans: 2) Hobbes
Explanation : Hobbes in Leviathan (1660) expressed his views that “Man’s life was solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.” Hobbes inferred that people are naturally selfish and wicked and cannot be trusted. Therefore, the primitive or “natural” state of humanity is violent and brutal. Therefore, a strong, authoritarian government (monarchy) must control them.

Ans : (3) Rawls
Explanation : Rawls attacked utilitarian philosophy in his, “A Theory of Justice (1971)”. Rawls attacked utilitarianism as for them individual interests might be given up for larger good of society. For Rawls it is first to ensure justice than the greater efficiency. It also fails to consider the just distribution of utility.

Ans : 2) Mao Zedong
Explanation : Mao in his book On Coalition Government said that political work is the life blood of all economic work.

Ans: 1) Antonio Gramsci
Explanation : Antonio Gramsci have written the book A Great and Terrible World : The Pre-Prison Letters in the year 1908-1926.

Ans : (1) Plato
Explanation : Plato’s Allegory of the Cave explains how the theory of forms, in which all ideas and concepts follow one “ideal” form.

Ans : (3) Rousseau
Explanation : Rousseau mentioned the existence of 2 types of inequalities – Natural and Moral. The former refers to inequalities arising from one’s health conditions, age, or physical features. On the other hand, moral inequality is the one that is established by man.

Ans: 3) Frantz Fanon
Explanation : Black Skin, White Masks is written by Frantz Fanon in the year 1952.

Ans: 4) Rousseau
Explanation : It was Rousseau who said that “The people of England regards itself as free; but it is grossly mistaken; it is free only during the election of members of parliament. As soon as they are elected, slavery overtakes it, and it is nothing.”

Ans : 1) Individual
Explanation : Rawls constructs justice as fairness in a rather narrow framework and explicitly states, “Justice as fairness is not a complete contact theory.” Its purpose is to show how we ought to allocate a cooperative surplus of resources to individuals in society.

Ans : (2) A Vindication of the Rights of Women with strictures on political and moral subjects.
Explanation : A Vindication of the Rights of Women with strictures on political and moral subjects written by British philosopher and women’s rights advocate Mary Wollstonecraft in the year 1792.