Ans: 1) A, B & D only
Explanation: In his book Administration in Developing Countries: The Theory of Prismatic Society (1964), Riggs mentioned the following points:
A) The structures of a modern society are typically functionally specific.
B) A structure is defined as any pattern of behaviour, which has become a standard feature of a social system.
C) Agraria will move towards Industria through the process of transition in the society.
D) Although the “image” of Agraria resembles the ‘model’ of a fused society, the two constructions are by no means identical.

Ans: 2) Frederick Taylor
Explanation: Fredrick Taylor introduced to organizations the concepts of the 40-hour week, time and motion studies and piece-rate compensation systems, as well as a ‘fair day’s work for a fair day’s pay”.
• Motion Study: observation of all the motions comprised in a particular job and then determination of the best set of motions.
• Time study: used to determine the standard time for completion of work.
• Differential Piece Rate Plan: pay by piece rates on the basis of standards set by motion and time studies.

Ans: 1) Mary Parker Follett
Explanation: In 1925, Mary Parker Follett, an American intellectual, social worker, management consultant and pioneer of organizational theory/behaviour, presented a paper entitled “Constructive Conflict”– that conflict, as a natural and inevitable part of life, does not necessarily have to lead to deleterious outcomes. Rather, if approached with the right analytical and imaginative tools a conflict can present an opportunity for positive or constructive development.

Correct Answer: 1) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
Explanation:
A. Scientific Management Theory – II
Focuses on scientific methods to improve work efficiency. (Taylor’s principle)
B. New Public Management – III
Emphasizes performance, efficiency, and improving public services.
C. Human Relations Theory – IV
Views organization as a social system with importance on informal relations. (Elton Mayo)
D. Rational Decision-Making Theory – I
Involves structured decision-making: intelligence, design, and choice phases.

Ans: 2) Peter Drucker
Explanation: Peter Drucker wrote the book- Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices in the year 1974.

Correct Answer: 3) A & B only
Explanation:
A. True – Max Weber developed the concept of Ideal Type Bureaucracy.
B. True – Frederick Taylor is known as the Father of Scientific Management.
C. False – Elton Mayo, not Fayol, is the father of Human Relations Theory.
D. False – Hawthorne Experiments are linked to Human Relations Theory, not Bureaucratic Theory.

Ans: 2) Woodrow Wilson
Explanation: The paper entitled ‘The study of administration’, published in Political Science Quarterly in 1887, was written by Woodrow Wilson.

Ans: 3) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
Explanation:
A) Administration in developing countries: The theory of prismatic society (1964) – Fred W. Riggs
B) Administrative behaviour (1947) – Herbert Simon
C) The dynamics of public administration: Guidelines to current transformations in theory and practice (1971) – Gerald E. Caiden
D) The human problem of an industrial civilization (1933) – Elton Mayo

Ans: 3) B, A, D, C
Explanation:
• Max Weber – 1864
• F.W. Willoughby – 1867
• Elton Mayo – 1880
• David Easton – 1917

Ans: 4) Principle of Generalization
Explanation: ▪ Lyndall Urwick, a prominent management theorist, identified Eight principles of organization that provide guidelines for effective organizational design and management.
These principles are:
▪ 1. The Principle of Specialization
▪ 2. The Principle of Objective
▪ 3. The Principle of Responsibility
▪ 4. The Principle of Scalar Chain
▪ 5. The Principle of Span of Control
▪ 6. The Principle of Coordination
▪ 7. The Principle of Correspondence
▪ 8. The Principle of Definition

Correct Answer: 1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Assertion (A): True – Theory Y emphasizes integration of behavior as key in management, promoting participation and trust.
Reason (R): True – Theory Y creates conditions that help employees achieve personal goals while contributing to organizational success.
R explains A: Yes – The conducive environment (R) supports behavioral integration (A).

Correct Answer: 2) United Auto Workers in USA
Explanation:
The United Auto Workers (UAW) in the USA criticized Mayoism.
They called the Hawthorne researchers “Cow Sociologists” for promoting employer-friendly ideas.
Criticism: Mayo ignored the role of trade unions, focusing too much on human relations and management control over workers.

Correct Answer: 4) NPM has attributes like raw bureaucratic power, internalization, and concentration
Explanation:
Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct about NPM:
✔ Result-oriented and focused on objectives
✔ Views administration through a managerial lens
✔ Emphasizes “steering” (policy-making) over “rowing” (service delivery)

Statement 4 is incorrect:
✘ “Raw bureaucratic power, internalization, and concentration” are features of traditional bureaucracy, not NPM.
NPM promotes decentralization, flexibility, efficiency, and market-driven approaches.

Correct Answer: 3) A, B and C only
Explanation:
Peter Drucker identified several “sins” that lead to non-performance, including:
✔ A) Dogmatism – Rigid thinking blocks innovation.
✔ B) Having lofty objectives – Unrealistic goals lead to failure.
✔ C) Attempting to do several things – Multitasking without focus causes inefficiency.
✘ D) Less number of employees – Not a “sin” according to Drucker; in fact, he warns against overstaffing, not understaffing.
Hence, A, B, and C are correct.

Ans: 3) A, B, E, D and C
Explanation: The stages of evolution of Public Administration as mentioned by Nicholas Henry:
Politics-Administration dichotomy: 1900-1926
Principles of Administration: 1927-1937
Public administration as part of political science: 1950-1970
Public administration as Administrative science: 1956-1970
Public Administration as public administration: 1970 onwards

Correct Answer: 3) A, B and C only
Explanation:
According to Frederick Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory:
Motivators (Factors that lead to job satisfaction):
A) Achievement ✔
B) Recognition ✔
C) Work itself ✔
(These contribute positively to satisfaction.)
Hygiene Factors (Prevent dissatisfaction but don’t create satisfaction):
D) Salary ✘
E) Working Conditions ✘
These are necessary to avoid dissatisfaction but do not lead to true job satisfaction.
✔ Final Answer: 3) A, B and C only

Ans: 3) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
Explanation: The terms “rate buster”, “chiseler”, “squealer”, and “inspector” were all terms used by Elton Mayo and his colleagues in the Hawthorne studies to describe the informal norms and behavioral patterns as found in the Bank Wiring Experiment (1931-32).
A) Rate Buster – One who does too much of work
B) Chiseler – One who does too little work
C) Squealer – One who complaining about colleague to supervisor
D) An Inspector – Who maintain social distance or act officially

Ans: 4) Communication
Explanation: Chester Bernard emphasizes that Communication is essential for organizations to accomplish their common purpose. It facilitates the coordination of individual efforts, aligns goals, fosters collaboration, and ensures that everyone is working towards the same objectives.
Without effective communication, individuals may work in isolation, misunderstand expectations, and hinder the organization’s progress.

Answer: 1) The church and the military
Explanation:
The Church (e.g., Roman Catholic) and the Military played key roles in shaping administrative theory through concepts like hierarchy, delegation, discipline, and leadership—all foundational to modern management practices.

Correct Answer: 3) A, B, C and D only
Explanation:
The executive controls administration using tools like:
A) Civil Service Code – sets standards for bureaucrats
B) Staff Agencies – provide advice/support to executives
C) Budget – controls administrative spending
D) Ordinances – allows executives to legislate in urgent matters
E) Suits against public officials is not an executive tool; it falls under judicial control.

Ans: 2) A, E, B, D, C
Explanation: Correct Chronological Sequence of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:
Physiological Needs
Safety Needs
Belonging Needs
Esteem Needs
Self-Actualization

Ans: 4) A and D only
Explanation:
A) Management is subjective – ✗ Drucker said it’s objective and systematic.
D) Approves mechanistic model – ✗ He criticized rigid models; preferred flexible, people-centered ones.
B & C – ✔ Correct as per Drucker’s views on management roles and accessibility.

Ans: 2) A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
Explanation:
A) Rational Choice Theory → II. Encourages research in policy analysis
B) New Public Administration → IV. Focus on norms and client loyalty
C) New Public Management → I. Emulates private sector practices
D) Golden Era of Public Administration → III. Devices principles and laws
✔ Matches modern and classical views in public administration concisely.

Ans: 4) D, A, B, C
Explanation: Major events/conferences of Public Administration in
chronological order:
Publication of “The Elements of Administration” by Urwick – 1944
The Philadelphia Conference – 1967
First Minnowbrook Conference – 1968
Publication of book “Public Administration in a time of Turbulence” by Waldo – 1971

Correct Answer: 2) Coordination by indirect control
Explanation:
According to Mary Parker Follett, the 4 principles of coordination are:
1. Direct Contact (not indirect control)
2. Early Stages
3. Continuing Process
4. Reciprocal Relationship
So, “Coordination by indirect control” is not one of her principles.

Correct Answer: 3) A, B & E only
Explanation:
According to F.W. Taylor’s Scientific Management and his Functional Foremanship model:

Shop floor (Execution side) includes:
Speed Boss
Repair Boss
Inspection Foreman
Gang Boss

Planning Room includes:
Route Clerk
Time Clerk
Instruction Card Clerk
Shop Disciplinarian
So, A, B & E are correct for shop floor supervision.

Correct Answer: 1) 1887–1910
Explanation:
The period 1887 to 1910 is called the “Exploratory Period” in the evolution of Public Administration.

Key focus:
Administrative reforms,
Politics-administration dichotomy,
Neutrality in administration,
Early academic development of the subject.

Key milestones:
Woodrow Wilson’s 1887 essay “The Study of Administration”
Goodnow’s book “Politics and Administration” (1900)
This period laid the foundation for Public Administration as a distinct field of study.

Correct Answer: 1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation:
Assertion (A) is true: A prismatic society (as per Fred W. Riggs) features coexisting but contrasting structures — traditional and modern — side by side.
Reason (R) is also true: Due to this mix, social change becomes inconsistent and unresponsive, as parts of the society react differently.
Therefore, R correctly explains A, making Option 1 the right answer.

Mental Revolution is a concept proposed by F. W. Taylor under Scientific Management Theory.
It refers to a change in attitude of both management and workers:
Managers should see workers as partners, not as lazy or inefficient.
Workers should see managers as allies, not as adversaries.
The goal is to promote cooperation over conflict, leading to higher efficiency and mutual prosperity.

Ans: 4) Chester Barnard
Explanation:
Chester Barnard said that informal channels communicate intangible facts, opinions, suggestions, and suspicions that cannot be sent through formal channels. He introduced the concept of Informal Organization, which helps:
Communicate such intangible information.
Maintain cohesiveness in formal organizations.
Preserve personal integrity and self-respect against the rigidity of formal organizations.

Ans: 1) Purpose, Persons, Place, Process
Explanation: The concept of 4Ps in the theory of departmentalization by Luther Gulick refers to a method of organizing work and activities within an organization.
The 4Ps in Gulick’s theory of departmentalization are:
Purpose
Persons
Place
Process

Ans: 4) Relevance, Values, Equity and Change
Explanation: New Public Administration literature has stressed four important goals –
Relevance
Values
Equity
Change.

Ans: 3) Application
Explanation: According to Harold Laswell, in his book (the Decision Process, 1986) –
There are Total Seven Stages in the Policy Process:-
Intelligence
Promotion
Prescription
Invocation
Application
Termination
Appraisal

Answer: 4) A, B, C
Explanation:
The Classical Theory of Administration:
Helped rationalize and stimulate production (A).
Developed a set of administrative concepts (B).
Was the first to present administration as a distinct activity (C).
Hence, all three statements are correct.

Answer: 1) A, B, C, D only
Explanation:
According to Ferral Heady, Comparative Public Administration deals with:
The search for theory (A)
Practical application (B)
Contribution to comparative politics (C)
Comparative analysis of ongoing public administration problems (D)
All these concerns are addressed in Comparative Public Administration.

Ans: 3) A is correct but Statement R is false
Explanation: (A): The statement suggests that Robert Dahl has suggested for cross-cultural studies in Public Administration.
(R): In his book “Who Governs?”, Dahl argued that public administration is not immune to the effects of political, cultural, and environmental systems in which it operates.
Statement A is correct but R is not correct.

Ans: 3) (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
Explanation: Distinction between obedience and acceptance – Chester Bernard
Distinction between economic man and administrative man – Herbert Simon
Distinction between charismatic leader and legal-rational authority – Max Weber
Distinction between principles and mechanics of management – F.W Taylor

Ans: 2) (B), (A), (C) and (D)
Explanation: The Hawthorne Effect is named after a set of studies conducted at
Western Electric’s Hawthorne Plant by Elton Mayo during 1924-1932.
There are 4 separate experiments in Hawthorne Studies in order:
1) Illumination Experiments (1924-1927)
2) Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments (1927-1932)
3) Experiments in Interviewing Workers (1928- 1930)
4) Bank Wiring Room Experiments (1931-1932)

Correct Answer: 3) Use of behavioral science in the study of organizational behaviour
Explanation:
The behavioral approach uses insights from psychology, sociology, and related fields to understand how individuals and groups behave within organizations. It emphasizes human relations, motivation, leadership, and decision-making to improve organizational performance.

4) Shift from Ethical to Rule-based Studies

Ans: 3) Harmony and cooperation
Explanation: The “Mental Revolution” refers to a shift in the way workers think about their jobs and their relationship with their employers. Taylor believed that workers needed to adopt a more cooperative attitude and work together with management to improve productivity.
Thus, the Mental Revolution involves a combination of Cooperation and Harmony between workers and management.

Correct Answer: 3) Lack of normative factors of guiding action
Explanation:
The bureaucratic model focuses on rules, procedures, and hierarchy. It lacks normative guidance—like values or goals—that shape flexible or ethical decision-making. As a result, it can become rigid, ignoring changing needs and broader organizational objectives.

Correct Answer: 2) Top Management level
Explanation:
Fayol’s theory focuses on core managerial functions like planning, organizing, and strategizing—primarily roles performed by top-level management.

Correct Answer: 3) A, B and C only
Explanation:
New Public Administration (NPA) opposes traditional public administration principles and promotes:
Anti-Positivism: Rejects objective, one-size-fits-all truths.
Anti-Technical: Rejects purely technical/rational approaches.
Anti-Hierarchical: Promotes participation over top-down control.

✗ Anti-Values is incorrect—NPA supports values like equity and social justice.

Ans: 3) A – II, B – I, C – III, D – IV
Explanation: H. Simon’s – Programmed and Non-Programmed Decision –
Peter Drucker’s – Generic and unique decision –
C. I. Barnard’s – Organizational and personal decision –
M. P. Follett’s – Constructive Conflict –

Correct Answer: 4) He coined the term S. M. A. R. T.
Explanation:
✔ Peter Drucker wrote “The Effective Executive” in 1966.
✔ He coined ‘Knowledge Workers’ in 1959.
✔ He developed Management by Objectives (MBO) in 1954.
✗ The SMART goal concept was introduced by George Doran et al. in 1981, not by Drucker.

Ans : 4) A and C only
Explanation : The theory of Social and Economic Organization (1948) and Economy and Society (1968) written by Max Weber.
The Elements of Administration (1955) written by Lyndall Urwick.

Correct Answer: 2) (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
Explanation:
(A) Constructive Conflict → Mary Parker Follett (IV):
Follett emphasized the idea of resolving conflicts through integration, calling it “constructive conflict” — a positive and creative approach to problem-solving in organizations.
(B) Acceptance Theory of Authority and Zonal Indifference → Chester I. Barnard (III):
Barnard introduced the Acceptance Theory of Authority and Zone of Indifference, where authority is accepted by subordinates based on whether the order falls within their zone of acceptance.
(C) Hierarchy of Needs → Abraham Maslow (II):
Maslow proposed a five-level hierarchy of needs ranging from physiological needs to self-actualization in his 1943 theory of motivation.
(D) Hygiene-Motivation Theory → Frederick Herzberg (I):
Herzberg’s two-factor theory distinguishes between motivators (which cause satisfaction) and hygiene factors (which, if absent, cause dissatisfaction).

Ans : 2) (C), (B), (A), (D)
Explanation :
Henri Fayol : 1841-1925
M.P. Follet : 1868-1933
Chester Barnard : 1886-1961
Dwight Waldo : 1913-2000

Ans : 3) Dwight Waldo
Explanation : The Study of Public Administration written by Dwight Waldo in the year 1955.

Ans : 4) G.R. Terry
Explanation : According to George R. Terry ‘Leadership is the activity of influencing people to strive willingly for mutual objectives’.

Ans : 4) Robert K. Merton (1957)
Explanation : Robert K. Merton (1957) believed that bureaucrats are more likely to defend their own entrenched interests than to act to benefit the organization as a whole but that pride in their craft makes them resistant to changes in established routines.

Ans : 3) Herbert Simon
Explanation : Herbert Simon brought logical positivism in the study of policy making and the relation of means and ends.

Ans : 3) Status-quo Oriented
Explanation : Hallmark of Development Administration are :
a. Change Oriented
b. Goal Oriented
c. Result Oriented
d. Participation Oriented
e. Action Oriented
f. Client Oriented
g. Ecological Oriented
h. Time Oriented
i. Commitment Oriented

Correct Answer: 4) A, C and D only
Explanation:
New Public Administration (NPA) emerged in the late 1960s as a response to the limitations of traditional public administration, particularly its lack of responsiveness to social equity and human values.
✔ A) Honey Report (1967):
Highlighted major issues in public administration education, calling for reform. It was a trigger for further introspection in the discipline, laying groundwork for NPA thinking.
✔ C) Philadelphia Conference (1967):
Organized by the American Academy of Political and Social Science, it addressed theoretical and practical challenges in public administration, contributing to the intellectual climate that birthed NPA.
✗ B) Minnowbrook II (1988):
Although related to the continued development of NPA, it was a later event, focusing on reviewing the progress of NPA two decades after the original Minnowbrook Conference (1968). Hence, it did not contribute to the rise and growth but to its evaluation and continuation.
✔ D) Public Administration in a Time of Turbulence (1971):
Written by Dwight Waldo, a key figure in the NPA movement, it emphasized the need for a more responsive, value-oriented public administration in times of societal change.
✔ Final Answer: 4. A, C and D only

Ans : 3) A, B and D only
Explanation : CPA focuses on the structure, process, behaviour, roles and impact of public administrative system at the international level. Comparative Administrative Group (CAG) was set up in 1963. F.W. Riggs was the chairman of CAG from its inception till the end of 1970. CAG was funded by Ford Foundation.

Ans : 2) A, B and C only
Explanation : Chester Barnard gave the concepts of Acceptance theory of authority and Zone of Indifference; Contribution satisfaction equilibrium and Functions of the executive.
Herbert Simon gave the concept of Bounded rationality.

Ans : 2) A – IV, B – I, C – III, D – II
Explanation : The evolution of public administration from the end of the nineteenth century to the present has taken place in the following 5 phases.
Phase 1- Politics Administration Dichotomy (1887-1926)
Phase 2 – Principles of Administration (1927-1937)
Phase 3 – Era of Challenges (1938-1947)
Phase 4 – Crisis of Identity (1948-1970)
Phase 5 – Public Policy Perspective (1971- Onwards)

Ans : 2) Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct Explanation of A

Ans : 3. Gulick and Urwick
Explanation : POSDCORB is an acronym widely used in the field of management and public administration that reflects the classic view of organizational theory. It appeared most prominently in a 1937 paper by Luther Gulick (in a set edited by himself and Lyndall Urwick). However, he first presented the concept in 1935.

Ans : 3) Osborne and Gaebler
Explanation : Reinventing Government: How The Entrepreneurial Spirit Is Transforming The Public Sector written by David E. Osborne and Gaebler Ted in the year 1992.

Ans : 2) Fred Riggs
Explanation : Fred Riggs is the father of Comparative Public Administration. In 1962 Fred Riggs in his article “Trends in comparative study of Public Administration”. He is well known for his works in Comparative Public Administration specially Riggsian Model.

Ans : 3) Informal elements do not play an important role in the overall organizational output.
Explanation : Between 1924 and 1927, George Elton Mayo oversaw a number of human behavior tests at the General Electric Company’s Hawthorne Works in Chicago. In terms of human relations and motivation theory his study discoveries have helped organizations develop.

Ans : 1) Woodrow Wilson
Explanation : Wilson, Woodrow was credited with creating the politicsadministration distinction in his 1887 article, Public Administration: The Administration Study. Wilson proposed the idea that politics and administration are fundamentally dissimilar and therefore to be treated differently.

Ans : 3) Remo Storm
Explanation : According to Remo Storm it is ‘a document containing a preliminary approval plan of public revenue and expenditure. the budget is a plan of action and manifests the programme of the chief executive for the ensuing financial year.

Correct Answer: 4) A, B and C only
Explanation:
Douglas McGregor proposed Theory X and Theory Y in his book The Human Side of the Enterprise (1960), where he outlined two contrasting views of workforce motivation:
Theory X (Pessimistic/Authoritarian View):
People inherently dislike work and will avoid it if possible → (C)
Because of this dislike, most people must be controlled, directed, and threatened with punishment to get them to work.
The average person prefers to be directed, avoids responsibility, has little ambition, and desires security → (A)

Theory Y (Optimistic/Participative View):
Work is as natural as play or rest.
Under proper conditions, people will not only accept responsibility but seek it → (B)
People are self-motivated and capable of self-direction.
✗ Option D: “Best management is a true science”
This is not one of McGregor’s theoretical assumptions. It reflects Scientific Management (Frederick Taylor), not McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y.
Final Answer: 4) A, B and C only

Correct Answer: 4) B and D only
Explanation:
Mary Parker Follett was a pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and behavior. Her contributions emphasized collaboration, conflict resolution, and integration in management. Let’s break down the options:
A) Functional Foremanship – ✗
This is not associated with Mary Follett.
It was proposed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, the father of Scientific Management, as a system to improve work efficiency through specialization of roles.
B) Constructive Conflict – ✔
Follett introduced the idea of “constructive conflict”, arguing that conflict isn’t inherently bad and, if handled properly, can lead to growth and innovation.
She emphasized integration over compromise, where both parties’ desires are fulfilled without giving up core interests.
C) Zone of Acceptance – ✗
This concept is associated with Chester Barnard, not Follett.
It refers to the range within which orders are accepted by subordinates without question.
D) Integration – ✔
A key concept by Mary Follett.
She advocated for integration as the best solution to conflict, where the needs of all parties are harmonized in a win-win situation.
✔ Final Answer: 4) B and D only

Ans : 2) A – III, B – I, C – IV, D – II
Explanation :
A) Decision Making : Herbert Simon calls decision-making the heart of the organization.
B) Ecological Approach : Fred Riggs is the most significant scholar of the Ecological Approach.
C) New Public Administration : The New Public Administration Movement began to take on new shapes and dimensions in both theories and practice after the 1968 Minnow-brook Conference.
D) Development Administration : It is the process of executing developmental programs and projects in the direction of nation-building and socio-economic progress through public administration.

Ans : 2) D, A, B, C
Explanation : There are four management systems or four leadership styles, according to Likert:
System 1 – Exploitative Authoritative
System 2 – Benevolent Authoritative
System 3 – Consultative
System 4 – Participative

Ans : 1) A, B, D, C
Explanation :
A) Dror, Yehezkel. Public Policy Making Re-examined – 1968
B) Dye, Thomas R. Understanding Public Policy – 1972
C) Bhattacharya, Mohit. New Horizons of Public Administration – 1979
D) Anderson, James E. Public Policy Making – 2018

Ans : 4) Motivation Theory
Explanation : Frederick Herzberg is best known for his hygiene-motivation theory, which was first published in The motivation to work in 1959. Herzberg’s work focused on the individual in the workplace, but it has been popular with managers as it also emphasised the importance of management knowledge and expertise.

Ans : 2) Those which are unquestionably acceptable
Explanation : His only work The Functions of the Executive published in 1938 which theory of organization and the roles of executives in organizations. Chester Barnard criticises the classical theories of organization. Barnard proposes the zone of indifference as the human state that animates authority relationships and cooperation in modern organizations.

Ans : 3) Mary P. Follett
Explanation : Conflict is not warfare, but is only an appearance of difference –
difference of opinions, of interests not only between employer and employee but also between managers, between directors or wherever differences appear. Conflict is not a wasteful outbreak of incompatibilities, but a normal process by which socially valuable differences register themselves for the enrichment of all concerned. Because of individual differences, conflict is unavoidable in human organizations. Since conflict is unavoidable, instead of criticizing it as something bad, one should try to capitalize on it, and make use of it to do something good.

Ans : 1) Disaggregation, competition and incentivisation
Explanation : Patrick Dunleavy in his article, New Public Management is Dead –
Long Live Digital-Era Governance. He claims that the organizational paradigm of contemporary public administration has become outdated
In his view, NPM has three characteristics:
Disaggregation
Competition
Incentivisation

Ans : 4) March, 1954
Explanation : The Indian Institute of Public Administration was established in 1954 as an Autonomous Society. It was set up as a result of the vision and support of its first president, Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru, on the lines recommended by Dr. Paul H. Appleby in his work on Public Administration in India.

Ans : 3) A, B and D only
Explanation : Major Frederick W. Taylor are :
A Piece-Rate System, 1845
Shop Management, 1903
Art of Cutting Metals, 1906
Time and Motion Study, 1911
The Principles of Scientific Management, 1911
Mary Parker Follett talks about Constructive Conflict

Ans : 3) A, C and D only
Explanation : The Hawthorne experiment consists of four parts. These parts are briefly described below:-
1) Illumination Experiment
2) Relay Assembly Test Room Experiment
3) Interviewing Programme
4) Bank Wiring Test Room Experiment

Ans : 3) A, B and C only
Explanation : Nicholas Henry in his book entitled Public Administration and
Public Affairs given the fundamental 5A’s of New Public Management which are mentioned below:
Alertness
Agility
Adaptability
Alignment
Accountability

Ans : 3) A – II, B – III, C – I, D – IV
Explanation : A) He argued that to increase productivity there should be cohesion between workers and supervisors, which he described as a mental revolution.
B) Management by Objectives (MBO) is a method of defining and agreeing on goals inside an organization so that both management and staff are on the same page.
C) Chester I. Barnard wrote The Functions of the Executive where he gives a theory of collaboration and organization as well as a study of the functions and methods of operation of executives in formal organizations.
D) Maslow’s in his article A Theory of Human Motivation, 1943. He was concerned with what motivates individuals and aspirations.

Ans : 2) B, A, C, D, E
Explanation : The evolution of public administration from the end of the nineteenth century to the present has taken place in the following 5 phases.
Phase 1- Politics Administration Dichotomy (1887-1926)
Phase 2 – Principles of Administration (1927-1937)
Phase 3 – Era of Challenges (1938-1947)
Phase 4 – Crisis of Identity (1948-1970)
Phase 5 – Public Policy Perspective (1971- Onwards)

Ans : (1) There are persons who are willing to contribute action
Explanation : Chester Barnard defines formal organization as -“a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more persons. It refers to the structure of well-defined jobs, each bearing a definite measure of authority, responsibility and accountability. The essence of formal organization is built around four key pillars. They are:
Division of labour
Scalar and functional processes
Structure
Span of control

Ans : (1) Use of authority by virtue of their inherited status by persons
Explanation : Traditional authority is a form of leadership in which the authority of an organization or a regime is largely tied to tradition or custom.
The main reason for the given state of affairs is that “things have always been that way”.

Ans : (4) proper job design and economic incentives to workers
Explanation : The factors did contribute to the evolution of the scientific management theory are mentioned below:
Crisis of Management in Industries
Demand for efficient science of management
For increasing efficiency with consequent economization of time and resource
Bring harmony between the worker-management
based on science, not rule-of-thumb-based decisions by the management

Ans : (2) Charles E. Lindblom
Explanation : The incremental model of public policy was given by Charles E. Lindblom in his essay Science of Muddling Through, 1959 deals with the process of formulating policy.

Ans : (1) (A), (B) and (C) only
Explanation : There are 3 basic features of Prismatic-Sala Models:-
1) HETEROGENEITY:– In this type of system, there are different kinds of patterns, rules, systems & viewpoints. This society is a blend of elements of “CHAMBER” [i.e. of fused society] & “BUREAU” [i.e. of diffracted society]. Thus heterogeneous group where the qualities are
not alike are seen in this Model.
2) FORMALISM:- This is the second most important feature which show a wide gap between theory & practice i.e. what is formally prescribed & effectively practiced. It shows a distinction between norms & realities.
3) OVERLAPPING:– This features shows that differentiated structures [clubs] co-exist with undifferentiated structures [Sects]. This denotes overlapping of administrative behavior of both the societies.
Riggs called these elements as “CLECTS”(club+sects).

Ans : (3) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
Explanation : Barnard defines formal organization as ‘a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more persons’ (Barnard 1968: 81). Executive organizations, organs and functions must exert force such that the organization sustains itself (the fallacy is repeated for practicality).

Ans : (2) (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
Explanation :
(A) Policy Science (1953) written by Daniel Lerner and Harold D. Lasswell.
(B) Principles of Public Administration (1927) written by W.F. Willoughby.
(C) Administrative Behavior : A Study of Decision Making Processes in Administrative Organizations (1947) written by Herbert Simon.
(D) The Science of Public Administration : Three Problems (1947) written by Robert Dahl.

Ans : 1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct Explanation of (A)
Explanation : There is no certain number where a single manager can or should manage a number of employees. This percentage, which is also known as the span of control, can differ significantly between organizations and even within teams.

Ans : 1) Warren Benis
Explanation : American scholar Warren Bennis who is a pioneer of the contemporary field of Leadership studies predicted that bureaucracy is likely to go out of use, in the wake of new social system. This forecast is based on the evolutionary principles that every age develops an organizational form appropriate to its genius.

Ans : 2) (A)-(IV); (B)-(I); (C) -(II); (D) -(III)
Explanation: The evolution of public administration from the end of the nineteenth century to the present has taken place in the following 5 phases.
Phase 1- Politics Administration Dichotomy (1887-1926)
Phase 2 – Principles of Administration (1927-1937)
Phase 3 – Era of Challenges (1938-1947)
Phase 4 – Crisis of Identity (1948-1970)
Phase 5 – Public Policy Perspective (1971- Onwards)

Correct Answer: 3) (A), (C) AND (D) ONLY
Explanation:
Let’s review each thinker’s contribution:
(A) Paul Appleby – ✔
He clearly distinguishes public administration from private administration.
According to him, public administration is political in nature and subject to public accountability and control, unlike private administration.
(B) L.D. White – ✘
L.D. White did not explicitly distinguish between public and private administration.
His focus was mainly on defining public administration and outlining its principles, especially in the context of government functioning.
(C) Herbert Simon – ✔
Simon provided a systematic comparison of public vs private administration, emphasizing:
Bureaucratic vs Business-like
Political vs Non-political
Red tape vs Flexibility
(D) Sir Josiah Stamp – ✅
He identified four principles that distinguish public administration:
Principle of Uniformity
External Financial Control
Ministerial Responsibility
Marginal Return
Final Answer: 3) (A), (C) and (D) only

Ans : 1) Frank Marini
Explanation : New Public Administration is an anti-positivist, anti-technical, and anti-hierarchical reaction against traditional public administration. A practiced theory in response to the ever changing needs of the public and how institutions and administrations go about solving them. Focus is on the role of government and how they can provide these services to citizens which are a part of public interest, by means, but not limited to public policy. Frank Marini summarizes the themes of New Public Administration under five headsrelevance, values, social equity, change and client focus.

Ans : 1) (B), (C) and (D)
Explanation : Scientific management is a management theory that analyzes work flows to improve economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. This management theory, developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, was popular in the 1880s and 1890s in U.S. manufacturing industries.
The features of scientific management are as follows :
(I) It is a systematic approach to handle management problems.
(II) It implies scientific techniques in method of work, recruitment, selection and training of workers.
(III) It rejects the age old method of rule of thumb’ or ‘hit or miss’ approach.
(IV) It attempts to discover the best method of doing the work at the lowest cost.
(V) It attempts to develop each worker to his greatest efficiency.
(VI) It involves a complete change in the mental attitude of the workers as well as of the management.

Ans : 1) public choice approach
Explanation : The Intellectual Crisis in American Public Administration deals with Public Choice Approach. It is a book written by Vincent Ostrom and Barabara Allen, Ostrom’s research explains the most recent political changes in America, such as those under the Clinton and Bush administrations.

Ans : 4) upward, downward and across
Explanation : In an organization Internal communication is the transmission of information in upward, downward and across levels between members of organization.

Ans : 2) (A), (B) and (D)
Explanation : Follett says: There are three ways of resolving a conflict: Domination, Compromise and Integration. Domination is a victory of one side over other. This is the easiest way of resolving conflicts. Though it is the easiest for the moment, it is not successful in the long run.

Ans : (3) D. Waldo
Explanation : According to D. Waldo “Public Administration is the art and science of management as applied to the affairs of the state.” He further observes “The process of Public Administration consists of the actions involved in affecting the intent or desire of a government.

Ans : (4) Sender, encoding, message, channel
Explanation : Communications is a continuous process which mainly involves three elements viz. sender, message, and receiver. The elements involved in the communication process are explained below in detail: 1. Sender 2. Message 3. Encoding 4. Media 5. Decoding 6. Receiver 7. Feedback 8. Noise

Ans : (1) Koontz and O’Donnell
Explanation : Leadership is simply the ability to influence other people. It defined by many scholars in different ways. Koontz and O’Donnell- “Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce subordinates to work with zeal and confidence”.