(3) George Catlin in his book ‘Political Theory: What is it?’ Quoted that the Political theory includes political science and political philosophy. While science refers to the phenomenon of control in many forms over all the processes of whole social field. It is concerned with the end or final value, when man asks, what the national good is or “What is a good society.”

(1) ‘The Prince’ by Machiavelli is a Real Politik. He wrote this book while considering the prevailing problem of Italy. He provided the rules a ruler should follow for ensuring the unity and integrity of his country.

(1) The concept of General will was given by Rousseau in his social Contract theory. The Main Idea behind General will is that it knows what is right for its Subjects. It talks about Common Good. General will is rational. It is not self contradictory. It is thus gives unity in the sense that it is indivisible.

(1) Hobbes while building platform for his social contract theory, described about the Law of Nature. Here he quoted Laws of Nature as the Laws of Prudence. According to Hobbes, a law of nature is a general rule, found out by reason, by which a person is forbidden to do that which is destructive of his life.

(4) Kautilya mainly focused on the duties of King to maintain law and order in the society. He writes in Arthashastra, “Because the King is the guardian of right conduct of this world with four ‘varnas’ and four ‘ashramas’ he can enact and promulgate laws when all traditional codes of conduct perish.” The King was looked upon an embodiment of virtue, a protector of dharma.

(4) Pandita Ramabai Saraswati, a scholar, feminist and educator, broke nearly every rule and tradition that confined the life of an upper caste Hindu woman in 19th-century India. Ramabai’s most important work, “The High Caste Hindu Woman,” written in 1887, focused on the plight of Hindu widows. In 1887 Ramabai Association was established by him.

(2) ‘The Arctic Homes of Vedas’ was written by Bal Gangadhar Tilak in year 1903. This book provides a theory about the origin of Aryan people. He claimed in his book that aryan race belong to Arctic Region and they arrived to India from the Arctic.

(2) E.V Ramaswamy or ‘Periyar’ is considered as the father of Modern Tamil Nadu. He did significant work for the upliftment of Dravidian people. He established Dravidar Kazhagam. Periyar, known as a social reformer, speaks and writes about many aspects of caste, religion, god, feminism and language.

(1) Tyranny of the Majority is against the principle of democracy. Majoritarianism result into division of society. It usually develops conflict among majority and minority. It leads to the exploitation of minority by majority forces. The most disastrous consequence of Tyranny of Majority is Civil War for example Sri Lanka experienced a civil war between Sinhala and Tamils.

(2) Participatory Democracy calls for the Participation and contribution of citizens in the governance of the country. It require people to play an active political role. It requires greater political awareness among people. Participatory Democracy can survive just on Voting.

(3) The book “Introduction to the study of the law of the constitution” was written by A.V Dicey in year 1885. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.

(3) Established in 1981, the GCC promotes economic, security, cultural and social cooperation between the six states and holds a summit every year to discuss cooperation and regional affairs.

(2) The Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures are rules that are applicable to the domestic regulations a country applies to foreign investors, often as part of an industrial policy. It is related to WTO.

(4) The WTO Agreement on Agriculture was one of the many agreements which were negotiated during the Uruguay Round. The implementation of the Agreement on Agriculture started with effect from 1.1.1995. As per the provisions of the Agreement, the developed countries would complete their reduction commitments within 6 years, i.e., by the year 2000, whereas the commitments of the developing countries would be completed within 10 years, i.e., by the year 2004. The least developed countries are not required to make any reductions.

(3) The Gujral doctrine was a five-point roadmap which sought to build trust between India and neighbours, of solution to bilateral issues through bilateral talks and to remove immediate quid pro quos in diplomatic relationship between India and her neighbours. The ‘Doctrine’ emphasized on the importance of unilateral accommodation for friendly and warm relations with India’s neighbours

(4) India’s Act East Policy focuses on the extended neighbourhood in the Asia-Pacific region. India has upgraded its relations to strategic partnership with Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Japan, Republic of Korea (ROK), Australia, Singapore and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and forged close ties with all countries in the Asia-Pacific region.

(3) India and Pakistan joined SCO as full members on 9 June 2017 at a summit in Astana, Kazakhstan.

(1) The 11th BRICS Summit held in Brasília, Brazil. The 2019 Brazilian Presidency focused on the theme, ‘BRICS: Economic Growth for an Innovative Future’.

(4) Bryce says that “Parliamentary system provides a Daily as well as Periodic assessment of the government.”

(1) The responsibility of interpre ting and supervision of the implementation of the Constitution of China rests on the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress.

(4) The idea that before passing a no-confidence motion against the government, the Parliament must explore the possibility of forming an alternative government is a part of German Constitution.

(2) The erstwhile USSR was defined by China as a ‘Social Imperialist Power’ because of the nature of governance in USSR. Considering the way in which the USSR has extended its control over countries around it during the Cold War period, China call it an Imperialist Regime

(4) Sweden was the first country to establish the office of Ombudsman. It dates back to 1809, created by the constitution. It was originally established to provide the Parliament (Riksdag) with the means of supervising compliance with laws and ordinances by all judges, civil servants and military officers.

(1) Unitary form of Government is a converse of federation and is a system in which all powers are centralized in the hands of a central government. A single central government controls the whole state with full might. Although the state is divided into provinces and other units but these divisions are administrative in their nature. These sub-divisions completely work under the supervision and control of the central government.

(4) The correct chronological order of the formation of Political Parties in India is:
Justice Party – 1917
Shiromani Akali Dal – 1920
Hindu Maha Sabha – 1921
National Conference – 1932

(2) Article 156(2) Talks about resignation of Governor by writing to President. He is not dismissed under Article 156(2).

(1) Allahabad High Court the High Court for Uttar Pradesh. Jabalpur High Court is for Madhya Pradesh and Bombay High Court is for Bombay, Daman and Diu.

(1) Peter Self claimed that Political Science and Public Laws result into the development of Public Administration.

(4) According to Black’s Law Dictionary mechanistic organization is “the organization is hierarchical and bureaucratic. It is characterized by its
(1) highly centralized authority,
(2) formalized procedures and practices, and
(3) specialized functions. Mechanistic organization is relatively easier and simpler to organize, but rapid change is very challenging. Contrast to organic organization.” It did not give importance to informal relationship.

(2) ODA flows are provided by the 29 OECD members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC). Official development assistance (ODA) is defined as government aid designed to promote the economic development and welfare of developing countries. Strict adulting is not among the governance criteria.

(3) Chester Barnard suggested 7 principles of communication which are important in establishing and maintaining objective authority in an organization. These principles are-The channels of communication should be definite. Everyone in the organization must have a definite formal channel of communication, etc.

(2) In his work ‘Privatization and Public-Private Partnership’ E.S Savas mentioned that all organisations share public and private features.

(1) Public Choice theory is the application of economics to the study of public administration. Public choice is defined by Dennis Mueller as “the economic study of non-market decision making or simply the application of economics to political science”. Duncan Black. Anthony Dowas, James Buchanan, and Kenneth Arrow all are propagators of Public Choice theory.

(4) Cybernetics is the science of communication and control theory that is concerned especially with the comparative study of automatic control systems (such as the nervous system and brain and mechanical-electrical communication systems).

(4) Susan Strange wrote a book ‘The Retreat of State’. The central argument of the book is that the state is retreating in the face of the superior power of globalization.

(4) Stephen Walt has written that even in the post–Cold War period, “realism is likely to remain the single most useful instrument in our intellectual toolbox” for understanding world politics.

(1) Article 25 of the UN Charter directs all nation that “The Members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council in accordance with the present Charter.”

(2) India has neither signed nor ratified the Rome Statute on the International Criminal Court (ICC). The reason is that the Rome Statute on the International Criminal Court (ICC) defines war crimes including the ‘armed conflict not of an international character’.

(1) 1 July 2002, in accordance with article 126. The Statute was adopted on 17 July 1998 by the United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court.

(1) The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Optional Protocol was adopted on 13 December 2006 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, and was opened for signature on 30 March 2007 The Convention entered into force on 3 May 2008. It takes to a new height the movement from viewing persons with disabilities as “objects” of charity, medical treatment and social protection towards viewing persons with disabilities as “subjects” with rights, who are capable of claiming those rights and making decisions for their lives based on their free and informed consent as well as being active members of society.

(4) The key feature of Post-behavioral Political theories was that, they are no more ethnocentric in nature. Their center of focus is third world nations. Ethnocentrism is a property of behavioral Political Theory.

(2) Robert Dahl’s model for a procedural democracy is presented in his book ‘Democracy and its Critics’.

(3) According to the bureaucratic theory of Max Weber, bureaucracy is the basis for the systematic formation of any organisation and is designed to ensure efficiency and economic effectiveness. It is an ideal model for management and its administration to bring an organisation’s power structure into focus. He didn’t believe that dominant authority is hierarchical and related to state and ruling class.

(2) The desire for union, not unity is an essential precondition for establishing a federation. To say in the words of Albert Venn Dicey: “There should be a desire for union rather than unity.” It means that the states seeking a federation must not extinguish their own identity.

(a) Lijphart was of the view that there is no direct connection between the shape of a political culture and the stability of governance. He establish the political culture have negligible impact on the political system.

(1) The United State House of Representatives which is also known as the Congress is the most critical barrier in the exercise of power by President of US. The Funding for implementation of any decision taken by US president need to be passed by Congress.

(3) The critics charged that the Constituent Assembly was dominated by the Congress party. Granville Austin, a British Constitutional expert, remarked that ‘the Constituent Assembly was a one-party body in an essentially one party country. The Assembly was the Congress and the Congress was India’.

(4) The correct chronological order of Event related to federalism in India is:
Rajamannar Committee – 1969
Anandpur Sahib Resolution – 1973
West Bengal Memorandum – 1977
Punchhi Commission – 2007

(4) Raj Krishna was an Indian economist who taught at the Delhi School of Economics. He is most famous for the phrase “Hindu rate of growth” which he coined for India’s low rate of GDP growth between the 1950s and 1980s. He also gave the concept of Dharamshala Model.

(3) The N.N. Vohra committee was set up in 1993 to look into the status of Criminalization of Politics in India. It studied the nexus among criminals, politicians and bureaucrats in India.