Solution: (1) The Book ‘The Proverbs of Administration’ was written by Herbert Simon. In this book he expressed that “One can always find a proverb to prove one’s point — or the opposite point for that matter. But when they are used in scientific theories, they are less useful and more harmful. Given their very nature they can both prove or disprove anything.” Hence he rejected Principles of Administration for being Proverbs.

Solution:  (1) Riggs gave a Fused prismatic sala model to explain the stages of the development of the administration in societies. Traditionally agriculture, folk, societies are fused, industrial societies are diffracted and intermediate ones are fused. Thus fused society is where a single structure performs many functions and diffracted one is where a single structure performs limited functions.

Solution –  (4) The correct sequence of the steps involved in Decision Making according to Herbert Simon is; Problem recognition, then Search for information which is followed by Definition of alternative and then the Selection of alternative.

Solution: (4) The correct sequence of the Process of Communication in an organisation is Sender, encoding, message, channel.

Solution: (1) Koontz and O’Donnell said that Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce the subordinates to work with confidence and zeal. Leadership is the potential to influence the behavior of others. It is also defined as the capacity to influence a group towards the realization of a goal.

Answer (4) (Theory) (Thinker)

Two Factor Theory – Herzberg

Hierarchy of needs theory – Maslow

Theory X and Y – McGregor

Answer: (2 ) The themes of New Public Management are, Adoption of private sector practices, Improved reporting and monitoring mechanism and Performance targeting.

Ans. (1) According to G.A. Almond comparatively “Homogenous culture” is found in Developed countries. Because most people share the same religion, and speak the same language

For instance, the USA.

Answer. (3) According to D. Waldo “Public Administration is the art and science of management as applied to the affairs of the state.” He further observes “The process of Public Administration consists of the actions involved in affecting the intent or desire of a government.

Answer: (2) The book ‘Towards a New Public Administration–Minnowbrook’ was written by Frank Marini in 1971.

Ans. (2) ‘Systems’ concept makes empirical and comparative study possible even of those political institutions, apart from the state, such as, international political system, city, political party. Systems approach is criticized as a ‘status quoist’ model.

Answer: (4) According to Max Weber, a modern state exists where a political community has three elements. First, an administrative and legal order that has been created and can be changed by legislation that also determines its role. Second, it must have binding authority over citizens and actions in its jurisdiction.

Answer: (2) Max Weber defined the six characteristics of bureaucracy as a formal hierarchical structure, management by rules, division of labor, achievement-focused advancement, efficient organization and impersonality. Max Weber bureaucracy theory is an iron cage of rule-based rational control. It is a key part of the “rational-legal authority.” According to Weber Bureaucracy means “domination through knowledge” in the form of merit.

Ans. (4) Modernization is interchangeably used to express Westernization, Europeanisation and Industrialization in common and even in scholarly works. In Political science, Rise of Nation State System is also considered as the advent of Modernisation.

Ans. (4) The New Public Management has the following features: Contracting out, Devolution of authority, Focus on performance appraisal and Focus on management.

Ans. (4) Herbert Simon in his book ‘The Proverbs of Administration’ has criticized classical theory as ‘homely proverbs, myths, slogans and pompous identities’.

Ans. (3) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a theory by Abraham Maslow, which puts forward that people are motivated by five basic categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. He said that behaviour in administration should be studied through psycho-analysis.

Ans. (4) The Hawthorne studies were carried out by the Western Electric company at their Hawthorne plant in the 1920’s. The Hawthorne experiments were originally designed by the National Research Council to study the effect of shop-floor lighting on worker productivity at a telephone parts factory in Hawthorne.

Ans. (2) The bureaucracy was a system of government administration which takes the most of the important decisions by the state non elected officials. In the nineteenth–century, the British writers refer that bureaucracy as “the continental nuisance”. Particularly Thomas Carlyle, the British writer, spreads of the term bureaucracy as “the continental nuisance”.

Ans. (1) Unity of command provides that an employee is responsible to only one supervisor, who in turn is responsible to only one supervisor, and so on up the organizational hierarchy.