(3) There are 34 departments of the government in Arthashastra. It involves various administrative, legislative as well as judicial units. These department is in resonance with the Saptang theory. The book was written by Kautilya on 3rd century BC during Muryan rule, it gives details information on almost every aspect of governance aspects of polity and administration.

(3) In 322 BCE, Aristotle was forced to flee Athens with his family when the political leadership reacted against the Macedonians again and his previously published works supporting Macedonian rule left him a target. He passed on his Lyceum to Theophrastus and died later that year in Chalcis, near his hometown.

(3) C.L. Wayper in his book ‘Political Thoughts’ while admiring the theory of Rousseau said that he was the “Ardent apostle of Reason, he has done more than most to prepare the way for the age of unreason in which he lives.”

(4) Hobbes in his social contract theory gave supreme importance to the sovereignty and assertion of the claims of Political authority over the position of religion. Locke in his ‘Two treaties of government’ asked for limited form of constitutional government or as he said ‘A night watchmen’. Rousseau through his concept of general will claim that sovereignty has its origin in the people and remains with the people. J.S. Mill work ‘On Liberty’ gave a defence for individual freedom of thought and expression.

(4) Italian Communist Antonio Gramsci wrote at length in his “Prison Notebooks” on the obstacles to the revolution he advocated. For him, “civil society,” meaning all the social structures outside the state, was the “hegemonic” force capable of “turning necessity into ‘freedom.’” He said in the West, there was a proper relation between State and civil society, and when the State trembled a sturdy structure of civil society was at once revealed. The State was only an outer ditch behind which there stood a powerful system of fortresses and earthworks.”

(1) Rawls theory of justice does not contain the characteristics of hobbesian social contract. The hobbesian social contract is forming a absolute authority that is infaliable and hid human nature hypothesis presented human as cruel and selfish being.

(3) B.R. Ambedkar was against the mixing of religion with politics. He respected the tradition of Bhakti but rejects its use in political activity. He believed that it will result into creation of dictatorship.

(4) According to Easton, (1962) the intellectual foundations of Behaviouralism consist of eight major tenets:

• Regularities: Discoverable uniformities in political behaviour which can be expressed in theory like-statements.

• Verification: Validity of such theory like statements can be verified.

• Techniques: Means for acquiring and interpreting data.

• Quantification: Precision in the recording of data.

• Values: Objective scientific inquiry has to be value free or value neutral.

• Systematization: Close interrelationship between theory and research.

• Pure Science: Directed towards forging a link between theoretical understanding of politics and
application of theory to practical problem-solving.

• Integration: Integration of political science with other social sciences.

(4) Fukuyama is known for his book ‘The End of History and the Last Man’ (1992), which argued that the worldwide spread of liberal democracies and free market capitalism of the West and its lifestyle may signal the end point of humanity’s sociocultural evolution and become the final form of human
government.

(4) The Major trends in comparative studies since 1950s include system theories, culture theories, class theories and development theories.

(2) David Easton’s ‘systems theory’, though developed for ‘constructivist’ purposes and is a conceptual framework for analysing politics, yet it is useful for constructing an empirical theory of Political Science as well as using it in understanding actual forces operating in a political system. Under this theory he made a distinction between system maintenance and system persistence.

(4) The civic culture was written by Gabriel Almond in 1963. The end of history was published in 1992 by Francis Fukuyama. Democratization: Theory and Practice was published in 2011. Comparative Federalism was published in 2017.

(3) The Federalist Papers consist of eighty-five letters written to newspapers in the late 1780s to urge ratification of the U.S. Constitution. With the Constitution needing approval from nine of thirteen states, the press was inundated with letters about the controversial document. Celebrated statesmen Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay weighed in with a series of essays under
the pseudonym “Publius,” arguing that
the proposed system would preserve the
Union and empower the federal government to act firmly and coherently in the
national interest.

(1) Joseph-Marie, Comte de Maistre (April 1, 1753 – February 26, 1821) was a Savoyard lawyer, diplomat, writer, and philosopher who, after being uprooted by the French Revolution, became a great exponent of the conservative tradition. He was one of the most influential spokesmen for a counter-revolutionary and authoritarian conservatism in the period immediately following the French Revolution of 1789. De Maistre argued for the restoration of hereditary monarchy, which he regarded as a divinely sanctioned institution, and for the indirect authority of the Pope over temporal matters as a prerequisite for stability in Europe.

(3) Political parties may be principally defined by their common aim. They seek political power either singly or in cooperation with other political parties. As Joseph Schumpeter has observed: ‘The first and foremost aim of each political party is to prevail over the others in order to get into power or to stay in it.’ It is this goal of attaining political power that distinguishes political parties from other groups in the political system, although the distinction is rather blurred at times,
especially in regard to pressure groups.

(a) The preamble of the Indian Constitution serves as a brief introductory statement of the Constitution that sets out the guiding purpose, principles and philosophy of the Indian Constitution.
The Preamble of Indian Constitution–
• We, The People of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its citizens:
• Justice, social, economic and political;
• Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
• Equality of status and of opportunity;
• Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation.

(2) The Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Articles 14, 20, 21, 21A, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28 are available to all persons whether citizens or foreigners. These are as follows: Equality before law and equal protection of laws (Article 14). Protection in respect of conviction for offences (Article 20). Protection of life and personal liberty (Article 21). Right to elementary education (Article 21A). Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases (Article 22). Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour (Article 23). Prohibition of employment of children in factories etc., (Article 24). Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion (Article 25) an other.

(4) Attorney General of India is appointed by the President of India under Article 76 (1) of the Constitution and holds office till the pleasure of the President. He must be a person qualified to be appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court. Articles 76 and 78 of the Indian constitution, envisages that there should be an Attorney General of India. The Attorney General of India is the
highest law officer of the country. He is responsible to assist the Central government in its all legal matters.

(3) The Union Parliament has the power to create or abolish the legislative Council in various States on the basis of resolutions adopted by two thirds majority in the respective Assembly.
Article 169 has given power to the States to set up the Council or abolish it

(3) If approved by both houses of Parliament then President Rule shall continue for 6 months and it can be renewed for maximum of 3 yrs by approval of Parliament after every 6 months.