Solution: On January 6, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt addresses Congress in an effort to move the nation away from a foreign policy of neutrality. Roosevelt insisted that people in all nations of the world shared Americans’ entitlement to four freedoms:

1.the freedom of speech and expression,
2.the freedom to worship God in his own way,
3.freedom from want and
freedom from fear.

Solution: (3) Libertarianism is a family of views in political philosophy. Libertarians strongly value individual freedom and see this as justifying strong protections for individual freedom. Thus, libertarians insist that justice poses stringent limits to coercion.

Robert Nozick, Milton Friedman and F.A. Hayek are famously categorized as Libertarian thinkers.

Robert Dahl was a Social Democrate.

Solution: (1) Harold Laski in his book ‘A Grammar of Politics’ wrote that “Every state is known by the rights that it maintains”.

Solution: (3) B.S Turner in his book ‘Citizenship and Social Theory’ elaborated the Pluralist theory of Citizenship.

Answer (1) The correct chronological sequence is;

Rousseau’s Social Contract – 1762

John Rawls’ A Theory of Justice  – 1971

Benn and RS Peters’ Social Principles and Democratic State – 1959

Susan Moller okin’s Justice Gender and Family – 1989

Answer: (3) Vandana Shiva has written and spoken extensively about advances in the fields of agriculture and food. Intellectual property rights, biodiversity, biotechnology, bioethics, and genetic engineering are among the fields where Shiva has fought through activist campaigns. She was an Eco-Feminist.

Answer: (4) Nation and State are used interchangeably, but they have different meanings in political science. A ‘State’ is a legal Political Organisation. On the other hand A ‘Nation’ represents a community of people with shared culture, history and goals.

Ans. (4) The post modernist thinker believes that knowledge is subjective in nature and not just objective. They believe in layering out of the Knowledge.

Answer. (3) The Post–modernism was against the principle of Development. They were against the societal system established by the concept of development as they think that development perpetuated inequality and corrupted people’s minds.

Ans. (1) Jacques Derrida was one of the most well known twentieth century philosophers. He was a post–modernist.

Answer: (4) Isaiah Berlin was not skeptical about the resurgence of political theory.

Answer: (3) In A Theory of Justice, Rawls explicitly states that “society is a cooperative venture for mutual advantage”.

Answer: (3) R. Nozick

Robert Nozick, a prominent philosopher, authored “The Zigzag of Politics”, discussing complexities in political philosophy and the non-linear nature of political progress.

Ans. (4) F. A. Hayek was an Austrian British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism. He was not a communitarianism but a libertarian who believed in individual freedom of utmost importance and welfare state as “mirage” and biased.

Answer: (4) All of the following are the feature of democracy; Democracy requires political equality; All citizens must be entitled to stand for election regardless of race, sex, colour or religion; All citizens must possess a vote (universal adult franchise) and Political equality means ‘one person one vote, one vote one value’.

Answer: (3) Marx’s theory of surplus-value is basically a deduction (or residual) theory of the ruling classes’ income. The whole social product (the net national income) is produced in the course of the process of production, exactly as the whole crop is harvested by the peasants. What happens on the market (or through appropriation of the produce) is a distribution (or redistribution) of what already has been created.

(2) Lenin’s theory of capitalist imperialism, in which he held to constitute the intermediary stage of capitalism is not considered as Lenin contribution to Marxism. Because Capitalist imperialism is considered as the international relations theory.

Ans.  (3) Sheldon Wolin was an Eminent American political theorist. He was extensively influenced by the Classical Tradition of Political theory. He asked all political theorist to develop Epic Theory like that are developed in Classical Tradition.

Ans. (3) Dictatorship of the proletariat, in Marxism, rule by the proletariat—the economic and social class consisting of industrial workers who derive income solely from their labour. Contrary to Marx’s vision and as George Orwell, Mikhail Bakunin, and others had foreseen, the proposed dictatorship of the proletariat eventually became a dictatorship of former proletarians.

Ans.  (1) Convergence theory is mainly based on the idea of coming together of The Capitalist and Socialism Ideology. It talks about extracting of ideal principle from of opposite ideologies.