Gabriel Almond’s Structural-Functional Approach views political systems as interconnected structures with multifunctional elements, emphasizing stability and the evolution of systems through stages of development.
Introduction
Originally, Structural-Functional approach originated in Anthropology and Sociology and was later popularized by Malinowski, Radcliffe Brown, Talcott Parson and Robert Merton. However in comparative politics this approach was developed by Gabriel Almond. In 1956, Almond wrote an article in which he said that the system is an “inclusive concept which covers all of the patterned actions relevant to the making of Political decisions”. Almond’s ideas have left an indelible mark on the field of political science, emphasizing the importance of the concept of a “system” and its relevance to the decision-making process.
In this article, we’ll explore Almond’s structural-functional approach, his view on political systems, and the key characteristics that define them.
Structural-Functional Approach by Gabriel Almond
Gabriel Almond’s work in political science, including his notable books like “Politics of Developing Areas” (1959) and “Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach” (1966), is centered on his concept of Structural Functionalism. At the core of Almond’s approach is the idea that political systems can be analyzed as complex, interconnected structures where various units interact, leading to a state of stability or, as he termed it, “changing equilibrium.”
Key Characteristics of Political Systems
To comprehend Almond’s structural-functional approach better, let’s delve into the characteristics he identified that define political systems:
Structures Exist Everywhere: Almond posited that all political systems possess structures, which encompass the various institutions and elements within the system.
Common Political Functions: Regardless of their specific form, all political systems perform similar functions.
Multifunctional Structures: Political structures are multifunctional, meaning they serve multiple purposes within the system.
Cultural Diversity: Almond noted that political systems often encompass a mix of cultures and influences.
The Evolution of Political Systems
Gabriel Almond also introduced the idea that political systems evolve over time, with structures becoming more differentiated as they progress through various stages of development. He classified these stages into primitive, traditional, transitional, and modern systems, each marked by distinct characteristics.
Structural-functional approach of Gabriel Almond represents the interconnectedness of political systems. This model highlights the intricate relationships between the different elements of a political system, emphasizing the importance of balance and stability. Almond was inspired by David Easton and hence divided the Political system into two Parts – Input and output Functions.
Input Variables
- Political Socialization and Recruitment: This process involves imparting knowledge about the political system’s values and beliefs to new members, enabling their integration into the system.
- Interest Articulation: Various groups and organizations compete for attention and resources by voicing their demands within the political system.
- Interest Aggregation: Demands from different groups are translated into policies and decisions that can be implemented.
- Political Communication: Information flows within the political system, facilitated by mass media and social media, allowing individuals, groups, and institutions to stay informed about political functions.
Output Variables
Gabriel Almond also highlights three essential output variables within a political system:
- Rule-Making: This function is primarily performed by the legislature or a relevant governing body.
- Rule Application: The executive branch is responsible for implementing laws and rules.
- Rule Adjudication: The judiciary plays a crucial role in interpreting and applying rules within the system.
Conclusion
Gabriel Almond’s structural-functional approach to political systems remains a cornerstone of political science. By emphasizing the interconnectedness of political elements and the importance of stability, Almond’s work has provided scholars and researchers with valuable insights into understanding and analyzing political systems worldwide.
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