Globalisation PYQs
Previous year question of CUET UG exam
From CUET UG 2024
● Question: Globalisation leads to:
○ (A) Uniform Culture
○ (B) Westernisation
○ (C) Cultural heterogenisation
○ (D) Easternisation
○ (E) Limited global connections
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
○ (1) (A), (C) only
○ (2) (B), (E) only
○ (3) (A), (B), (C) only
○ (4) (B), (C), (D) only
○ Answer: (3) (A), (B), (C) only
Explanation: The cultural consequences of globalization are complex. It can promote a uniform culture, often referred to as Westernization, as Western cultural products and norms become dominant globally. Simultaneously, it can lead to cultural heterogenization, where the interaction of different cultures creates new, hybrid cultural forms, and local cultures adapt to global influences in unique ways. “Easternisation” is not a commonly used term in this context, and “limited global connections” is the opposite of what globalization entails.
● Question : Globalisation has been facilitated by several factors. Which of the following is NOT a correct factor?
○ (1) Technology
○ (2) Recognition of interconnectedness
○ (3) Liberalisation of trade
○ (4) Strict visa formalities
Answer: (4) Strict visa formalities
Explanation: Strict visa formalities are a barrier to the movement of people, which is one of the key flows of globalization. The other options are all major drivers of globalization. Technological advancements (like the internet and transportation) make global communication and travel easier. The recognition of global interconnectedness (e.g., in issues like climate change or pandemics) encourages international cooperation. Liberalization of trade reduces barriers to the flow of goods and services between countries.
From CUET UG 2022
● Question : Which of the following statements about globalization is correct?
○ (1) Globalisation is only about economic issues.
○ (2) Globalisation began in 1991.
○ (3) Globalisation is the same thing as westernisation.
○ (4) Globalisation is a multi-dimensional concept.
Answer: (4) Globalisation is a multi-dimensional concept.
Explanation: Globalization is not limited to economics; it has political, cultural, technological, and social dimensions. It involves the flow of ideas, capital, commodities, and people across the globe. While the term became more popular in the 1990s, the process has historical roots that go back centuries. Globalization and Westernization are related but not identical; globalization can also involve the spread of non-Western cultures and ideas.
● Question : Match List – I with List – II.
○ List – I
■ (A) World Social Forum
■ (B) Worldwide protests against WTO
■ (C) First WSF meeting
■ (D) Fourth WSF meeting
○ List – II
■ (I) 2004, Mumbai
■ (II) 2001, Porto Alegre, Brazil
■ (III) 1999, Seattle
■ (IV) Global platform to human rights activists, environmentalists and labour youth.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
■ (1) (A) – (IV), (B) – (III), (C) – (II), (D) – (I)
■ (2) (A) – (I), (B) – (II), (C) – (IV), (D) – (III)
■ (3) (A) – (III), (B) – (IV), (C) – (I), (D) – (II)
■ (4) (A) – (II), (B) – (I), (C) – (III), (D) – (IV)
Answer: (1) (A) – (IV), (B) – (III), (C) – (II), (D) – (I)
Explanation:
■ (A) World Social Forum is a (IV) Global platform that brings together a diverse range of social movements, NGOs, and individuals critical of neoliberal globalization.
■ (B) Worldwide protests against WTO are famously associated with the (III) 1999, Seattle WTO Ministerial Conference, which saw massive demonstrations.
■ (C) The First WSF meeting took place in (II) 2001, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
■ (D) The Fourth WSF meeting was held in (I) 2004, Mumbai, India.
From CUET UG 2023 July 2 Shift 3.
● Question: Match List I with List II
○ LIST I
■ (A) Globalisation
■ (B) Privatisation
■ (C) Liberalisation
■ (D) World Social Forum
○ LIST II
■ (I) Another global platform
■ (II) Reduce tariff & trade barriers
■ (III) Flow of ideas, capital & people
■ (IV) Diluting state’s assets
Correct Matching:
■ (A) Globalisation -> (III) Flow of ideas, capital & people
■ (B) Privatisation -> (IV) Diluting state’s assets
■ (C) Liberalisation -> (II) Reduce tariff & trade barriers
■ (D) World Social Forum -> (I) Another global platform
Explanation:
■ (A) Globalisation is best defined as the increasing (III) flow of ideas, capital, and people across national borders.
■ (B) Privatisation is the process of transferring ownership of state-owned enterprises or assets to the private sector, thus (IV) diluting the state’s assets.
■ (C) Liberalisation refers to the economic policy of removing or reducing restrictions, particularly to (II) reduce tariffs and trade barriers to encourage free trade.
■ (D) The World Social Forum is (I) another global platform that serves as a counter-narrative to the pro-globalization World Economic Forum.
Question 1045: Which one of the following is a political consequence of Globalisation?
○ (1) Free flow of trade
○ (2) Erosion of state capacity
○ (3) Free flow of capital
○ (4) Free flow of ideas
Answer: (2) Erosion of state capacity
Explanation: While globalization involves the free flow of trade, capital, and ideas (which are primarily economic and social/cultural consequences), a key political consequence is the (2) erosion of state capacity. This means that the ability of governments to make autonomous decisions and control their own affairs can be weakened by the influence of multinational corporations, international organizations (like the WTO and IMF), and global market forces.
Multiple Choice Questions for practice from this chapter.
1. Which of the following best describes the World Social Forum (WSF)?
a) A centralized organization aiming to control global political movements.
b) An open and diverse platform for seeking and building alternatives to neoliberal globalisation.
c) A traditional leftist political party.
d) A forum exclusively for governmental organizations.
2. What is a key characteristic of an “old style of leftist politics”?
a) It is rich and diverse.
b) It is anarchic and impossible to condense into common themes.
c) It is somewhat repetitive and hollow in its discourse.
d) It focuses on building alternatives in a non-governmental context.
3. What is suggested as a potential negative consequence of a “Comintern” trying to centralize and speak for the entire movement?
a) It would lead to greater unity.
b) It would be a disaster.
c) It would promote diverse themes.
d) It would strengthen individual voices.
4. How is “neoliberalism” described in relation to “Bush”?
a) As a completely new concept.
b) As “old wine in a new bottle”.
c) As a good form of capitalism.
d) As something to be embraced.
5. What question is raised regarding totalitarianism and capitalism?
a) Is capitalism the only means of eliminating totalitarianism?
b) Is totalitarianism the only means of eliminating capitalism?
c) Is totalitarianism a necessary component of capitalism?
d) Can capitalism and totalitarianism coexist peacefully?
6. The World Social Forum promotes a permanent process of seeking and building alternatives that are:
a) Centralized and governmental.
b) Plural, diversified, non-confessional, non-governmental, and non-party.
c) Focused on a single, unified ideology.
d) Controlled by a specific political party.
7. What concern is expressed about NGOs in the context of the World Social Forum?
a) They are essential for global development.
b) They are agents of imperialism, confusing and misleading the masses.
c) They always provide clear and helpful information.
d) They are primarily focused on meaningful debates.
8. What is the main topic of the final chapter of the book?
a) The history of capitalism.
b) The role of NGOs in global politics.
c) Globalisation, its causes, consequences, and resistance to it.
d) The intricacies of the World Social Forum.
9. What specific impact of globalisation on India does the chapter aim to study?
a) Only the negative effects of globalisation on India.
b) How India is affecting globalisation.
c) Both the impact of globalisation on India and how India is affecting globalisation.
d) The historical resistance to globalisation in India.
10. Which of the following examples illustrates the globalisation of services?
a) Ramdhari buying a cycle manufactured in China.
b) Sarika getting a job opportunity that her family women never had.
c) Janardhan working in a call centre communicating with overseas clients.
d) Farmers buying expensive seeds from a multinational company.
11. Ramdhari’s purchase of a cycle manufactured in China and a Barbie doll made in the US illustrates which aspect of globalisation?
a) Globalisation of services.
b) Cultural homogenisation.
c) Movement of commodities.
d) Flow of ideas.
12. Sarika’s new job opportunity, previously unavailable to women in her family, represents which aspect of globalisation?
a) Economic stagnation.
b) A conflict of values originating from new opportunities.
c) The decline of traditional careers.
d) The homogenisation of cultural norms.
13. Which of these examples shows a potentially negative consequence of globalisation?
a) An Indian company buying a European rival.
b) Farmers committing suicide due to failed crops from expensive MNC seeds.
c) Janardhan working in a call centre.
d) The popularity of a burger.
14. What does the example of a film producer being accused of lifting a story from Hollywood illustrate regarding globalisation?
a) Economic competition.
b) Cultural exchange and potential issues of intellectual property.
c) The dominance of Western culture in all aspects.
d) The positive impact of cultural flows.
15. What is the fundamental concept that globalisation deals with?
a) Isolation and national boundaries.
b) Singular economic policies.
c) Flows of ideas, capital, commodities, and people.
d) Purely cultural phenomena.
16. What is the “crucial element” created and sustained by constant flows in globalisation?
a) Regional autonomy.
b) Worldwide interconnectedness.
c) National self-sufficiency.
d) Localized economies.
17. Is smuggling considered an aspect of globalisation according to the question posed?
a) Yes, it is explicitly stated that globalisation leads to smuggling.
b) No, smuggling is a separate issue.
c) It is raised as a question to consider in relation to globalisation.
d) It is only related to Chinese goods.
18. Globalisation is described as a multi-dimensional concept. Which dimensions are explicitly mentioned?
a) Only economic dimensions.
b) Only political and cultural dimensions.
c) Political, economic, and cultural manifestations.
d) Social and environmental dimensions.
19. Why is it important to avoid drawing general conclusions about the impact of globalisation?
a) Because its impact is purely economic.
b) Because it affects all societies uniformly.
c) Because its impact is vastly uneven across societies and parts of societies.
d) Because it is a purely cultural phenomenon.
20. What is a key argument made by those who believe contemporary globalisation is distinct from historical flows?
a) The novelty of the goods being traded.
b) The scale and speed of the flows of ideas, capital, commodities, and people.
c) The absence of technological advancements in the past.
d) The lack of any historical basis for interconnectedness.
21. What is identified as a critical element, though not the single cause, accounting for globalisation?
a) Political ideologies.
b) Technology.
c) Economic protectionism.
d) Cultural homogeneity.
22. How has technology, such as the telegraph, telephone, and microchip, impacted communication in relation to globalisation?
a) It has slowed down communication.
b) It has primarily affected local communication.
c) It has revolutionised communication between different parts of the world.
d) It has led to increased isolation.
23. What is suggested about the awareness of interconnections in the contemporary world?
a) People are largely unaware of global interconnections.
b) Events in one part of the world have no impact elsewhere.
c) There is an awareness that events in one part of the world can impact another.
d) Global interconnections are a new phenomenon.
24. How does globalisation, at its most simple level, affect state capacity?
a) It significantly enhances state capacity.
b) It leads to an erosion of state capacity, reducing the government’s ability to act.
c) It has no impact on state capacity.
d) It only affects the state’s economic functions.
25. What shift is observed globally in the role of the state due to globalisation?
a) From a minimalist state to a welfare state.
b) From a welfare state to a more minimalist state focusing on law, order, and security.
c) The state is becoming more involved in all aspects of economic and social well-being.
d) The complete disappearance of the state’s role.
26. What role does the market play in place of the welfare state under globalisation?
a) It becomes a minor influence on economic priorities.
b) It becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities.
c) It is completely controlled by the state.
d) It is irrelevant to social well-being.
27. How do multinational companies (MNCs) impact governments’ decision-making capacity?
a) They increase governments’ autonomy.
b) They lead to a reduction in governments’ capacity to make decisions on their own.
c) They have no influence on government decisions.
d) They only affect decisions in rich countries.
28. In what way can state capacity receive a boost due to globalisation?
a) By withdrawing from all welfare functions.
b) With enhanced technologies for collecting information about citizens.
c) By restricting the movement of people.
d) By eliminating rivalries between countries.
29. What is a key challenge in defining economic globalisation?
a) Its purely cultural dimensions.
b) The exclusive role of the IMF and WTO.
c) Its narrow focus on trade.
d) Its involvement of many actors beyond international institutions and the distribution of economic gains.
30. Economic globalisation is described as involving greater economic flows among different countries. What forms can these flows take?
a) Only commodities and capital.
b) Commodities, capital, people, and ideas.
c) Only ideas and services.
d) Limited forms due to restrictions.
31. What has been the trend regarding restrictions on the import of commodities and the movement of capital across countries due to globalisation?
a) They have increased significantly.
b) They have remained unchanged.
c) They have been reduced.
d) They are only applicable to developing countries.
32. What is a key difference in the movement of people compared to capital and commodities under globalisation?
a) Movement of people has increased to the same degree.
b) Developed countries have carefully guarded their borders with visa policies, limiting the movement of people.
c) There are no restrictions on the movement of people.
d) Movement of people is quicker and wider than capital.
33. What is a crucial consideration when thinking about the consequences of globalisation, especially regarding economic policies?
a) That the same policies lead to the same results everywhere.
b) That only rich countries benefit.
c) That different policies lead to similar outcomes.
d) To pay attention to specific contexts rather than making simple generalisations.
34. What is a primary concern for those worried about social justice regarding economic globalisation?
a) That it benefits everyone equally.
b) The extent of state withdrawal and its potential to impoverish those dependent on government.
c) That it creates sufficient social safety nets.
d) That it leads to economic growth for all sections of the population.
35. How do some economists describe economic globalisation, particularly those critical of its effects on weaker countries?
a) As a path to universal prosperity.
b) As a form of re-colonisation of the world.
c) As a temporary phase of economic adjustment.
d) As a balanced and fair system.
36. What is the main argument put forth by advocates of economic globalization?
a) It inevitably leads to economic ruin for weaker countries.
b) It generates greater economic growth and well-being through deregulation.
c) It promotes protectionism.
d) It causes an intense division of opinion.
37. What fear is associated with the cultural effect of globalisation?
a) The strengthening of diverse cultural heritage.
b) The rise of a uniform culture or cultural homogenisation.
c) The increased appreciation of local traditions.
d) The complete disappearance of outside influences.
38. What is the phenomenon of the imposition of Western culture on the rest of the world referred to as?
a) Cultural heterogenization.
b) Soft power of US hegemony.
c) Cultural diversity.
d) Local cultural revival.
39. The term “McDonaldization of the world” refers to:
a) The spread of fast-food chains globally.
b) Cultures seeking to buy into the dominant American dream.
c) The unique combination of various cultural elements.
d) The decline of American cultural influence.
40. What is a positive perspective on the cultural consequences of globalisation?
a) Cultures are static and resist all outside influences.
b) External influences always reduce our choices.
c) External influences can enlarge choices and modify cultures without overwhelming traditions.
d) Cultural homogenisation is always beneficial.
41. The example of a khadi kurta worn over jeans illustrates what cultural phenomenon?
a) Cultural homogenisation.
b) A new combination of cultural elements exported back to its origin.
c) The complete dominance of Western clothing.
d) The rejection of outside influences.
42. What is the opposite effect of cultural homogenisation, also generated by the process of globalisation?
a) Cultural stagnation.
b) Cultural isolation.
c) Cultural heterogenization, where each culture becomes more distinct.
d) The decline of all traditional cultures.
43. What was India’s economic policy after independence, influenced by its colonial experience?
a) Full reliance on foreign trade.
b) A policy of “protectionism” to make things domestically.
c) Immediate deregulation of all sectors.
d) A focus on exporting finished goods.
44. What led India to embark on a program of economic reforms in 1991?
a) A desire for cultural homogenisation.
b) A financial crisis and the desire for higher economic growth rates.
c) Increased protectionism.
d) The complete elimination of multinational companies.
45. From which political perspectives has resistance to globalisation in India originated?
a) Only from the political left.
b) Only from environmental activists.
c) From both the political left and the political right.
d) Exclusively from trade unions.
46. What is a concern of the political right in India regarding globalisation’s cultural influences?
a) The promotion of Indian cultural traditions globally.
b) Objection to foreign T.V. channels, Valentine’s Day, and westernisation of dress.
c) The increased popularity of traditional Indian attire.
d) The strengthening of local dialects.
47. In the context of “An insider’s view of a call centre job,” what is a common sentiment expressed by some American callers when they realize their call is routed to India?
a) Excitement about cultural exchange.
b) Appreciation for the service.
c) Hatred and the perception that Indians have taken their jobs.
d) Indifference to the location of the call centre.
48. What happened at the World Trade Organisation (WTO) Ministerial Meeting in Seattle in 1999?
a) A new trade agreement was signed benefiting developing countries.
b) Widespread protests alleging unfair trading practices by economically powerful states.
c) A consensus was reached on global economic policies.
d) Developing countries gained significant influence.
49. What is a key argument made by critics of globalisation from the left?
a) It makes the rich richer (and fewer) and the poor poorer.
b) It strengthens the capacity of the state to protect the poor.
c) It leads to greater economic equality.
d) It promotes self-reliance and protectionism.
50. What is the stance of many anti-globalisation movements regarding the idea of globalisation per se?
a) They are completely opposed to any form of globalisation.
b) They are opposed to a specific program of globalisation which they see as a form of imperialism.
c) They advocate for totalitarian means to eliminate capitalism.
d) They believe it is an inevitable and beneficial process.
Answers and Explanations
1. b) An open and diverse platform for seeking and building alternatives to neoliberal globalisation.
Explanation: The World Social Forum is described as an “OPEN SPACE!” and a “permanent process of seeking and building alternatives…plural, diversified, non-confessional, non-governmental and non-party context.”
2. c) It is somewhat repetitive and hollow in its discourse.
Explanation: There is “a persistent presence of an old style of leftist politics, a bit repetitive and hollow in it’s discourse.”
3. b) It would be a disaster.
Explanation: “Some sort of Comintern which would centralise and try to speak for the entire movement would be a disaster.”
4. b) As “old wine in a new bottle”.
Explanation: “Neoliberalism (alternative word – Bush) is old wine in a new bottle.”
5. b) Is totalitarianism the only means of eliminating capitalism?
Explanation: The question directly posed is: “Is totalitarianism the only means of eliminating capitalism?”
6. b) Plural, diversified, non-confessional, non-governmental, and non-party.
Explanation: The World Social Forum promotes “A permanent process of seeking and building alternatives…plural, diversified, non-confessional, non-governmental and non-party context.”
7. b) They are agents of imperialism, confusing and misleading the masses.
Explanation: A statement regarding NGOs is: “NGOs are agents of imperialism, confusing, corrupting and misleading the masses.”
8. c) Globalisation, its causes, consequences, and resistance to it.
Explanation: The overview outlines the chapter’s focus: “In this final chapter…we look at globalisation…We begin by analysing the concept of globalisation and then examine its causes. We then discuss at length the political, economic and cultural consequences of globalisation…We finally draw attention to resistance to globalisation…”
9. c) Both the impact of globalisation on India and how India is affecting globalisation.
Explanation: The interest is in “studying the impact of globalisation on India as well as how India is affecting globalisation.”
10. c) Janardhan working in a call centre communicating with overseas clients.
Explanation: Janardhan’s communication with clients thousands of miles away, with holidays aligned with US clients, is explicitly identified as “participating in the globalisation of services.”
11. c) Movement of commodities.
Explanation: Ramdhari’s purchases of a Chinese-made cycle and a US-manufactured Barbie doll “tell us something about the movement of commodities from one part of the world to another.”
12. b) A conflict of values originating from new opportunities.
Explanation: Sarika’s situation is described as being “faced with a conflict of values partly originating from a new opportunity that earlier was not available to the women in her family but today is part of a reality that has gained wider acceptability.”
13. b) Farmers committing suicide due to failed crops from expensive MNC seeds.
Explanation: This example states: “Some farmers committed suicide because their crops failed. They had bought very expensive seeds supplied by a multinational company (MNC).”
14. b) Cultural exchange and potential issues of intellectual property.
*Explanation: This illustrates how creative works (Hollywood film) can influence or be adapted by others (Mumbai film producer), touching upon cultural flows and originality concerns.
15. c) Flows of ideas, capital, commodities, and people.
Explanation: Globalisation “fundamentally deals with flows. These flows could be of various kinds ideas moving from one part of the world to another, capital shunted between two or more places, commodities being traded across borders, and people moving in search of better livelihoods to different parts of the worl1d.”
16. b) Worldwide interconnectedness.
Explanation: The “crucial element is the ‘worldwide interconnectedness’ that is created and sustained as a consequence of these constant flows.”
17. c) It is raised as a question to consider in relation to globalisation.
Explanation: The query is posed: “Much of the Chinese stuff that comes to India is smuggled. Does globalisation lead to smuggling?”
18. c) Political, economic, and cultural manifestations.
Explanation: Globalisation “has political, economic and cultural manifestations.”
19. c) Because its impact is vastly uneven across societies and parts of societies.
Explanation: The “impact of globalisation is vastly uneven it affects some societies more than others and some parts of some societies more than others.”
20. b) The scale and speed of the flows of ideas, capital, commodities, and people.
Explanation: Those arguing for the distinctiveness of contemporary globalisation “point out that it is the scale and speed of these flows that account for the uniqueness of globalisation in the contemporary era.”
21. b) Technology.
Explanation: “While globalisation is not caused by any single factor, technology remains a critical element.”
22. c) It has revolutionised communication between different parts of the world.
Explanation: “The invention of the telegraph, the telephone, and the microchip in more recent times has revolutionised communication between different parts of the world.”
23. c) There is an awareness that events in one part of the world can impact another.
Explanation: “Currently, we are aware of the fact that events taking place in one part of the world could have an impact on another part of the world.”
24. b) It leads to an erosion of state capacity, reducing government’s ability to act.
Explanation: “At the most simple level, globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity, that is, the ability of government to do what they do.”
25. b) From a welfare state to a more minimalist state focusing on law, order, and security.
Explanation: “All over the world, the old ‘welfare state’ is now giving way to a more minimalist state that performs certain core functions such as the maintenance of law and order and the security of its citizens.”
26. b) It becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities.
Explanation: “In place of the welfare state, it is the market that becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities.”
27. b) They lead to a reduction in governments’ capacity to make decisions on their own.
Explanation: “The entry and the increased role of multinational companies all over the world leads to a reduction in the capacity of governments to take decisions on their own.”
28. b) With enhanced technologies for collecting information about citizens.
Explanation: “In some respects state capacity has received a boost as a consequence of globalisation, with enhanced technologies available at the disposal of the state to collect information about its citizens.”
29. d) Its involvement of many actors beyond international institutions and the distribution of economic gains.
Explanation: Economic globalisation “involves many actors other than these international institutions. A much broader way of understanding of economic globalisation requires us to look at the distribution of economic gains…”2
30. b) Commodities, capital, people, and ideas.
Explanation: Economic flows “can take various forms: commodities, capital, people and ideas.”
31. c) They have been reduced.
Explanation: “The restrictions imposed by different countries on allowing the imports of other countries have been reduced. Similarly, the restrictions on movement of capital across countries have also been reduced.”
32. b) Developed countries have carefully guarded their borders with visa policies, limiting the movement of people.
Explanation: “Globalisation has not led to the same degree of increase in the movement of people across the globe. Developed countries have carefully guarded their borders with visa policies to ensure that citizens of other countries cannot take away the 3jobs of their own citizens.”
33. d) To pay attention to specific contexts rather than making simple generalisations.
Explanation: “It is again crucial to pay attention to specific context rather than make simple generalisations in this connection.”
34. b) The extent of state withdrawal and its potential to impoverish those dependent on government.
Explanation: Critics “point out that it is likely to benefit only a small section of the population while impoverishing those who were dependent on the government for jobs and welfare (education, health, sanitation, etc.).”
35. b) As a form of re-colonisation of the world.
Explanation: “Some economists have described economic globalisation as re-colonisation of the world.”
36. b) It generates greater economic growth and well-being through de-regulation.
Explanation: “Advocates of economic globalisation argue that it generates greater economic growth and well-being for larger sections of the population when there is de-regulation.”
37. b) The rise of a uniform culture or cultural homogenisation.
Explanation: “The cultural effect of globalisation leads to the fear that this process poses a threat to cultures in the world. It does so, because globalisation leads to the rise of a uniform culture or what is called cultural homogenisation.”4
38. b) Soft power of US hegemony.
Explanation: “This phenomenon is known as the soft power of US hegemony.”
39. b) Cultures seeking to buy into the dominant American dream.
Explanation: “McDonaldisation of the world” relates to “cultures seeking to buy into the dominant American dream.”
40. c) External influences can enlarge choices and modify cultures without overwhelming traditions.
Explanation: “Sometimes external influences simply enlarge our choices, and sometimes they modify our culture without overwhelming the traditional.”
41. b) A new combination of cultural elements exported back to its origin.
Explanation: This combination “has been exported back to the country that gave us blue jeans so that it is possible to see young Americans wearing a kurta and jeans!”
42. c) Cultural heterogenisation, where each culture becomes more distinct.
Explanation: “While cultural homogenisation is an aspect of globalisation, the same process also generates precisely the opposite effect. It leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive. This phenomenon is called cultural heterogenisation.”
43. b) A policy of “protectionism” to make things domestically.
Explanation: After independence, India decided “to make things ourselves rather than relying on others. We also decided not to allow others to export to us so that our own producers could learn to make things. This ‘protectionism’ generated its own problems.”
44. b) A financial crisis and the desire for higher economic growth rates.
Explanation: “In 1991, responding to a financial crisis and to the desire for higher rates of economic growth, India embarked on a programme of economic reforms…”
45. c) From both the political left and the political right.
Explanation: “Resistance to globalisation in India has come from different quarters. There have been left wing protests…Resistance to globalisation has also come from the political right.”
46. b) Objection to foreign T.V. channels, Valentine’s Day, and westernisation of dress.
Explanation: The political right’s resistance “has taken the form of objecting particularly to various cultural influences — ranging from the availability of for eign T.V. channels provided by cable networks, celebration of Valentine’s Day, and westernisation of the dress tastes of girl students in schools and colleges.”
47. c) Hatred and the perception that Indians have taken their jobs.
Explanation: “Sometimes the hatred that they exhibit in their tone on knowing that their call has been routed to India is very stressful. Americans tend to perceive every Indian as one who has denied them their rightful job…”
48. b) Widespread protests alleging unfair trading practices by economically powerful states.
Explanation: “In 1999, at the World Trade Organisation (WTO) Ministerial Meeting there were widespread protests at Seattle alleging unfair trading practices by the economically powerful states.”
49. a) It makes the rich richer (and fewer) and the poor poorer.
Explanation: “Those on the left argue that contemporary globalisation represents a particular phase of global capitalism that makes the rich richer (and fewer) and the poor poorer.”
50. b) They are opposed to a specific program of globalisation which they see as a form of imperialism.
Explanation: “Many anti-globalisation movements are not opposed to the idea of globalisation per se as much as they are opposed to a specific programme of globalisation, which they see as a form of imperialism.”
