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India and United States Sign Landmark 10-Year Defence Framework to Strengthen Strategic Partnership
New Delhi: India and the United States have signed a landmark 10-year Framework for the U.S.–India Major Defence Partnership, providing a unified vision and long-term policy direction to deepen defence cooperation across all sectors. The agreement, concluded on the sidelines of the 12th ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus) in Kuala Lumpur, marks a new phase in…
Trump–Xi Trade Truce Dominates APEC 2025 as Leaders Push for Inclusive Growth and Global Stability
New Delhi: The 2025 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in South Korea concluded with renewed pledges for open trade and inclusive growth, but it was the landmark meeting between the U.S. President Donald Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping that defined the event. Their first in-person meeting since 2019, held on the sidelines in Busan,…
India Ushers in Game-Changing Era: AI and Computational Thinking Set to Transform School Curricula Starting Class 3 from 2026
New Delhi: In a bold stride toward equipping the nation’s youngest learners with cutting-edge digital prowess, India’s Ministry of Education has unveiled plans to roll out a comprehensive Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Computational Thinking (CT) curriculum across all schools from Class 3 beginning the 2026-27 academic year. This landmark initiative, deeply rooted in the National…
International Solar Alliance 8th Assembly Kicks Off in New Delhi: President Murmu Calls for Solar-Powered Global Equity at Bharat Mandapam Summit
New Delhi: The Eighth Session of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) Assembly commenced today at the iconic Bharat Mandapam convention centre in the national capital, drawing participation from 124 Member and Signatory Countries and over 40 Ministers representing diverse geographies. Inaugurated by President Droupadi Murmu, the four-day global gathering aims to review progress, address challenges,…
ASEAN-India Summit 2025: Modi Declares 2026 Maritime Year in Virtual Address Amid Geopolitical Flux
New Delhi: Prime Minister Narendra Modi, addressing the 22nd ASEAN-India Summit virtually from New Delhi on October 26, proclaimed the 21st century “the century of India and ASEAN” and designated 2026 as the ASEAN-India Year of Maritime Cooperation. The announcement, delivered under Malaysia’s 2025 ASEAN chairmanship, underscored India’s commitment to ASEAN centrality and the ASEAN Outlook…
Chapter-10, The Philosophy of the Constitution: Solution
EXERCISES 1. The following are certain laws. Are they connected with any value? If yes, then what is the underlying value? Give reasons. a. Both daughters and sons will share in the family property. Answer: Yes, this law is connected with the value of gender equality and social justice. Reason: This law ensures that daughters…
Chapter: 10 The Philosophy of the Constitution
Introduction This chapter examines the fundamental principles, values, and objectives that form the foundation of the Indian Constitution, often referred to as its philosophy. Over the last 69 years, the Constitution has functioned successfully, leading to several critical questions : ● Why did the leaders of the national movement feel compelled to adopt a constitution after…
Chapter-9, Constitution as a Living Document: Solution
EXERCISES Exercise 1: Choose the correct statement from the following. A constitution needs to be amended from time to time because, ● Circumstances change and require suitable changes in the constitution. ● A document written at one point of time becomes outdated after some time. ● Every generation should have a constitution of its own liking. ● It must…
Chapter 9: The Constitution as a Living Document
Introduction The Constitution of India, adopted on November 26, 1949, and formally brought into effect on January 26, 1950, has successfully served as the governing framework for the country for over 74 years. This long-standing stability is not common globally, prompting an examination of how the same foundational document remains effective. By studying this chapter, we…
Chapter 8, Local Governments: Solution
EXERCISES 1. The Constitution of India visualised village panchayats as units of self-government. Think over the situation described in the following statements and explain how these situations strengthen or weaken the panchayats into becoming units of self-government. a. The Government of a State has allowed a big company to establish a huge steel plant. Many…
Chapter 8: Local Governments
Introduction and the Necessity of Local Governments In a large and diverse democracy like India, merely having elected governments at the Central (Union) and State levels is insufficient for complete governance. Democracy requires the presence of elected government bodies even at the local level to effectively manage local affairs and ensure broad participation. Defining Local Government…
Democracy: More Than Just a Political System
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Chapter 7 Federalism: Solution
EXERCISES 1. From the list of following events, which ones would you identify with the functioning of federalism? Why? The Centre on Tuesday announced Sixth Schedule status to GNLF-led Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council, which would ensure greater autonomy to the governing body in the Hill district of West Bengal. A tripartite Memorandum of Settlement was…
Chapter:7 Federalism
INTRODUCTION India’s political map has undergone remarkable changes since 1947, reflecting shifts in boundaries, names, and the number of States. At the time of Independence, the country consisted of British-administered provinces and over 500 princely states that merged with the newly formed Indian Union. Over the decades, India’s States have been reorganized multiple times, and…
Supreme Court Links Freedom of Religion and Privacy as Core Rights Shielded from State Overreach in Landmark Ruling
New Delhi: In a groundbreaking decision that reinforces the foundational principles of India’s Constitution, the Supreme Court has affirmed that the freedom to choose and practice one’s religion is deeply intertwined with the right to personal privacy, placing such matters firmly outside unwarranted government intervention. This ruling, delivered on October 17, 2025, in the case of…
The State: Definition, History, and Modern Realities
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Citizenship: A Comprehensive Overview
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The Concept of Power: Essence and Theories
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Rights: Meaning, Types, Generations and Theories
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Sanae Takaichi Elected as First Female Prime Minister of Japan
New Delhi: In a landmark moment for Japanese politics, Sanae Takaichi has been officially elected as Japan’s first female Prime Minister, shattering decades of male-dominated leadership in the world’s third-largest economy. The ultraconservative politician, often dubbed Japan’s “Iron Lady,” secured victory in a tense parliamentary vote on October 21, 2025, paving the way for a…
EU-India Strategic Agenda 2025: European Council Greenlights Ambitious Roadmap for FTA, Defence Ties, and Global Partnership
New Delhi: In a landmark decision that signals a transformative phase in Indo-European relations, the European Council has formally approved the New Strategic EU-India Agenda. This comprehensive framework, unveiled just weeks ago, charts a bold course for collaboration across economics, technology, security, and global connectivity. Announced on October 20, 2025, the approval underscores the EU’s commitment…
ISRO’s Chandrayaan-2 Unveils Groundbreaking Insights: First Direct Glimpse of Solar Storms Reshaping Moon’s Fragile Atmosphere
New Delhi: In a dazzling display of cosmic detective work, India’s Chandrayaan-2 mission has etched its name deeper into the annals of space exploration. For the first time in human history, scientists have captured irrefutable evidence of how ferocious solar storms—known as coronal mass ejections (CMEs)—rip through the Moon’s whisper-thin veil of gas, the exosphere. This…
US and Australia Forge $8.5 Billion Critical Minerals Pact to Challenge China’s Grip on Rare Earths
New Delhi: In a bold move to reshape the global fight for essential resources, U.S. President Donald Trump and Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese sealed a landmark critical minerals agreement on October 20, 2025. This pact targets China’s overwhelming control over vital materials like rare earth elements, which power everything from electric cars to military…
Mary Parker Follett: Constructive Conflict, Depersonalizing Orders and Transformational Leadership
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Management by Objectives (MBO) by Peter Drucker
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Communication Theory by Karl Deutsch
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Management Systems I-IV Model | Rensis Likert’s Theory of Leadership
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Theory X and Theory Y by Douglas McGregor
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T-Group Model: Chris Argyris’s Approach and Advocacy
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Motivation-Hygiene Theory by Frederick Herzberg
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Hierarchy of Needs by Abraham Maslow
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New Public Management | Meaning, Features, and Importance
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Development Administration
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Ecological Approach by Fred Riggs
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Systems Theory by David Easton
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Decision-Making Theory by Herbert Simon
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Human Relations Theory BY Elton Mayo
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Types Of Bureaucracy By Fm Marx
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Scientific Management Theory by F.W. Taylor
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Classical Organisation Theory by Henry Fayol
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Public and Private Administration Differences and Similarities
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Public Administration, Nature, Scope and Evolution
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Landmark Outcomes from IUCN World Conservation Congress 2025 in Abu Dhabi
New Delhi: The 2025 edition of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) World Conservation Congress has wrapped up in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, after an intensive week of discussions and decision-making. This event, occurring every four years, serves as a critical platform for shaping worldwide environmental policies. At its core is the…
Supreme Court Relaxes Firecracker Ban in Delhi-NCR for Diwali 2025: Green Crackers Permitted Under Strict Guidelines
New Delhi: In a significant ruling just days before Diwali, the Supreme Court of India has provided temporary relief from the complete firecracker prohibition in the Delhi-National Capital Region (NCR), authorizing the limited sale and bursting of eco-friendly green crackers. This decision aims to harmonize environmental safeguards with cultural festivities, marking a shift from earlier…
11th Class Political Science Notes
11th Class Political Science Class 11 Political Science is the foundation for understanding the structures, principles, and functioning of politics and governance. At this stage, students are introduced to the basics of political theory, concepts of state, rights, liberty, equality, citizenship, constitution, and the working of government institutions. The subject also explores how democracy functions…
2025 Economics Nobel Prize
New Delhi: In a groundbreaking announcement that underscores the pivotal role of innovation in modern economies, the 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences has been bestowed upon three distinguished scholars: Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt. Their pioneering research delves into the engines of innovation-driven economic growth, shedding light on why the world has experienced…
Prime Minister Narendra Modi Unveils Transformative Agricultural Schemes to Empower Indian Farmers
New Delhi: Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched two landmark agricultural initiatives, the PM Dhan Dhaanya Krishi Yojana and the Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses, marking a significant step towards self-reliance and rural prosperity in India. With a combined outlay of Rs 35,440 crore, these schemes aim to enhance productivity, promote sustainable farming, and reduce dependency on…
Understanding Liberalism
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María Corina Machado’s 2025 Nobel Peace Prize Victory
New Delhi: In a momentous announcement that has captured global attention, Venezuelan opposition figure María Corina Machado has been honored with the 2025 Nobel Peace Prize. This prestigious accolade recognizes her unwavering commitment to fostering democratic principles amid Venezuela’s turbulent political landscape. Machado, who has faced significant personal risks including going into hiding following disputed…
Afghan Taliban Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi’s Visit to India
New Delhi: In a significant diplomatic development on October 11, 2025, Afghanistan’s Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi concluded key meetings during his historic trip to India, marking the first high-level engagement since the Taliban assumed control in Kabul in 2021. This visit underscores a pragmatic shift in India’s approach toward the Taliban-led government, focusing on…
CHAPTER: 6 Judiciary
The Judiciary is a vital organ of the government, serving as an arbitrator in private disputes and performing crucial political functions. The Supreme Court of India is globally recognized as one of the most powerful judicial institutions, playing a fundamental role in interpreting and protecting the Constitution since its inception in 1950. Disputes are inherent in society…
Chapter 6 Judiciary: Solution
EXERCISES 1. What are the different ways in which the independence of the judiciary is ensured? Choose the odd ones out. i. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is consulted in the appointment of other judges of Supreme Court. ii. Judges are generally not removed before the age of retirement. iii. Judge of a High…
Chapter: 5 Legislature Solution
EXERCISES 1. Alok thinks that a country needs an efficient government that looks after the welfare of the people. So, if we simply elected our Prime Minister and Ministers and left to them the task of government, we will not need a legislature. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. Answer: No, I do not…
Chapter 5: The Legislature
Introduction: The Necessity and Role of the Legislature Legislatures are fundamental institutions in a democracy, comprising bodies elected directly or indirectly by the people to represent and work on their behalf. While often viewed solely as a law-making mechanism, the legislature is far more significant; it stands as the center of the entire democratic political…
The Concept of Liberty: Freedom, Rights, and Democracy
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Confucius: The Sage of Wisdom and Virtue
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Nirmala Sitharaman Unveils Foreign Currency Settlement Platform in GIFT City
New Delhi: In a landmark move set to transform India’s financial landscape, Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has officially launched a cutting-edge foreign currency settlement platform at Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City). This initiative, announced on October 7, 2025, during the Global Fintech Festival in Mumbai, positions India as a frontrunner in global financial innovation.…
2025 Nobel Prize in Physics: US Scientists Honored for Macroscopic Quantum Breakthroughs
New Delhi: On October 7, 2025, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics to three American scientists—John Clarke, Michel Devoret, and John Martinis—for their groundbreaking discoveries in quantum mechanics, specifically “for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit.” This prestigious award, valued…
Frantz Fanon Decolonization, Identity, and Liberation
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Mary Wollstonecraft Pioneer of Feminism and Women’s Rights
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Karl Marx Class Struggle, Historical Materialism and Communism
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Antonio Gramsci: Redefined Marxism and Cultural Hegemony
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Hegel: German Idealism and Political Philosophy
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J.S. Mill: The Philosopher of Liberty and Representative Government
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Machiavelli: Statecraft, Dual Morality & The Prince
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Plato: Exploring the Philosopher King, Educational Theory & Communism
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2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
New Delhi: In a landmark moment for medical science, the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been bestowed upon three pioneering researchers: Mary E. Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell from the United States, along with Shimon Sakaguchi from Japan. Their collective work has revolutionized our comprehension of peripheral immune tolerance, a critical mechanism that…
PM Modi Launches Groundbreaking PM-SETU Scheme and Youth Empowerment Programs Valued at Over Rs 62,000 Crore
New Delhi: In a monumental step toward empowering India’s young population, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has introduced a series of transformative initiatives aimed at enhancing education, vocational training, and job opportunities nationwide. These efforts, totaling more than Rs 62,000 crore in value, underscore the government’s commitment to building a skilled workforce ready for global challenges.…
First Cooperative Multi-Feed Compressed Biogas Plant in Maharashtra Inaugurated
New Delhi: On October 5, 2025, India marked a historic milestone with the inauguration of its first cooperative multi-feed compressed biogas (CBG) plant at Maharshi Shankarrao Kolhe Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana in Kopargaon, Ahilyanagar district, Maharashtra. Developed with support from the National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC), this pioneering facility is set to produce 12 tons of…
Celebrating 25 Years of India-Russia Strategic Partnership: Evolution, Achievements, and Future Horizons
New Delhi: In the ever-evolving landscape of global diplomacy, few relationships stand as resilient and multifaceted as the bond between India and Russia. As October 2025 dawns, the world witnesses a significant milestone: the 25th anniversary of the India-Russia Strategic Partnership. This landmark, rooted in the “Declaration on the India-Russia Strategic Partnership” signed in October…
India-EFTA TEPA: A Landmark Trade Agreement Driving $100 Billion in Investments and 1 Million Jobs
New Delhi: On October 1, 2025, the India–European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA) officially entered into force, marking a historic milestone in India’s economic relations with Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. Signed on March 10, 2024, in New Delhi, TEPA is India’s first Free Trade Agreement (FTA) to incorporate binding commitments…
Trump’s 20-Point Gaza Peace Plan
New Delhi: The United States has introduced a comprehensive 20-point peace plan to bring an immediate end to the Israel-Gaza war, a conflict that has claimed over 66,000 Palestinian lives and left Gaza in ruins after more than two years of escalation. Unveiled by President Donald Trump on September 29, 2025, during a White House…
NCRB Crime in India 2023 Report: Alarming Surge in Cyber Offenses, Urban Crime Trends, and Vulnerabilities Exposed
New Delhi: In a revealing snapshot of India’s evolving criminal landscape, the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) has unveiled its “Crime in India 2023” report, highlighting a nation grappling with rapid digital transformation and persistent social challenges. Released under the auspices of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), this comprehensive document paints a picture of…
India’s Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve Joins UNESCO’s World Network
New Delhi: In a landmark achievement for environmental conservation, India’s Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve has been officially inducted into UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR). Located in the trans-Himalayan region of Himachal Pradesh, this high-altitude marvel represents India’s commitment to preserving its unique ecosystems while promoting sustainable development. The designation, announced on September 27,…
Ladakh Unrest: Deadly Protests Demand Statehood, Leading to Activist Sonam Wangchuk’s Arrest
New Delhi: In a dramatic escalation of tensions in India’s Himalayan region, prominent climate activist and educator Sonam Wangchuk was detained by authorities on September 26, 2025, following violent demonstrations in Leh that resulted in four fatalities and numerous injuries. The arrest has sparked widespread outrage, with supporters organizing candlelight vigils in New Delhi and…
AFSPA Extension 2025: Central Government Renews Special Powers in Key Northeastern States Amid Ongoing Security Concerns
New Delhi: In a significant move to address persistent law and order challenges in India’s Northeast, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has announced the extension of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) in specific regions of Manipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, and Assam. This decision, effective from October 1, 2025, underscores the government’s strategy to…
Trump’s 100% Tariffs on Branded Pharmaceuticals: Global Impact, India’s Pharma Sector Under Scrutiny, and Market Reactions
New Delhi: In a bold move escalating his trade policies, US President Donald Trump has declared a 100% tariff on branded and patented pharmaceutical drugs imported into the United States, effective from October 1, 2025. This announcement, made on his Truth Social platform, comes with a key exception: companies actively building manufacturing facilities in America will…
India Ushers in Era of Sustainable Rural Growth with Launch of National Initiative on Water Security
New Delhi: In a landmark move aimed at bolstering India’s water resources amid growing climate challenges, the government has introduced a comprehensive program to integrate water conservation into core rural employment schemes. The National Initiative on Water Security, unveiled in New Delhi, represents a strategic pivot toward preventive water management, ensuring long-term sustainability for agriculture, communities,…
Children in India 2025 Report: In-Depth Insights into Child Welfare, Health, Education, and Protection Trends
New Delhi: In a significant step toward advancing child rights and well-being, the Indian government has unveiled the latest edition of a crucial statistical compilation focusing on the nation’s youngest citizens. This detailed examination draws from official sources to highlight progress and ongoing challenges in areas like infant survival, school retention, early unions, and family…
PM Modi Launches Mahi Banswara Rajasthan Atomic Power Project
New Delhi: In a significant push towards enhancing India’s energy security and sustainable development, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has officially laid the foundation stone for the Mahi Banswara Rajasthan Atomic Power Project (MBRAPP). This ambitious initiative, announced on September 26, 2025, marks a pivotal moment in the nation’s nuclear energy expansion. Located in Banswara, Rajasthan, near…
India’s Palk Bay Dugong Reserve Earns Global Acclaim at IUCN Congress 2025
New Delhi: In a historic milestone for marine conservation, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has officially recognized India’s inaugural Dugong Conservation Reserve in Palk Bay during the IUCN World Conservation Congress 2025 in Abu Dhabi. This prestigious endorsement celebrates Tamil Nadu’s pioneering efforts to protect the vulnerable dugong (Dugong dugon), fondly known…
Supreme Court Rules on SARFAESI Act: Borrower Redemption Rights End at Auction Notice, Urges Law Reform
New Delhi: In a significant ruling that strengthens the position of banks and auction purchasers, the Supreme Court of India has clarified that borrowers lose their right to redeem mortgaged property once an auction notice is issued under the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act (SARFAESI Act), 2002. Delivered…
Trump’s $100,000 H-1B Visa Fee Hike
New Delhi: The United States’ decision to impose a $100,000 fee on new H-1B visa applications, effective September 21, 2025, has reverberated across the global technology and skilled labor markets. Signed into effect by President Donald Trump on September 19, this policy aims to prioritize American workers but risks reshaping the U.S.’s role as a hub…
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