International relations are
influenced by various actors, factors, and dynamics. When it comes to shaping
foreign policy, ideologies play a crucial role, acting as a guiding light, a
shield, or a spotlight for nations. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, two
dominant ideologies emerged: Idealism and realism.
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India has consistently pursued its
international relations and foreign policy in a liberal and idealistic manner.
The principles found in ancient Vedic teachings, such as “sarve
bhawantu sukhinh” (may all be happy and healthy) and “Vasudhaiv
kutumbkam” (the whole earth is but one family), have served as
sources of inspiration for Indian idealism. The country believed in the
prosperity and tranquillity of all nations. In the past three decades, global
politics have undergone significant transformations, coinciding with India’s
own foreign and economic policy changes. India has made certain adjustments to
its foreign policy either proactively or out of necessity, in order to
safeguard its interests in a rapidly changing world. Nevertheless, India’s
foreign policy still adheres to fundamental principles that are occasionally
adapted to serve the country’s interests.
Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first prime
minister, was considered the primary architect of Indian foreign policy in the
early years of independence, and his Nehruvian policies continue to shape
India’s approach. However, subsequent prime ministers, including those leading
coalition governments, have also left their mark on Indian foreign policy.
Some scholars have even discussed a
“Modi Doctrine,” highlighting the distinctive nature of Narendra
Modi’s foreign policy after his election in 2014 and emphasizing the role of
leadership in shaping policy. According to Mohan (2015), Modi has revitalized
India’s foreign policy, while Pant (2016) observes a new dynamism and
pragmatism in his approach. However, Hall (2015) argues that despite his
enthusiasm, Modi’s foreign policy goals align with those of his predecessors,
Manmohan Singh and Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
This article aims to trace the shifts and
phases in India’s foreign policy and make predictions about its future
trajectory while considering the essential theories of international relations.
It seeks to demonstrate that there has been a noticeable change in the way
India formulates and implements its foreign policies since the NDA government
came into